[英语国家概况]英国`期末整理

The United Kingdom

Step1 The Country & People

1、Geographical location （英吉利海峡）（多佛尔海峡）(to its south).

2、Common-sense knowledge

National Anthem：《上帝保佑女王》（男性君主为） National Flower：3、Area and population 4、British Commonwealth (1931) P9 (expressing in English)

— Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations, it is an association comprising the United Kingdom and fifty or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia, India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa. It was formally established by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Among the members of the Commonwealth, sixteen sovereign states separately recognize Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ as their monarch and are named the Commonwealth Realms. It includes the UK itself, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, among others.

英联邦(Commonwealth of Nations)，是以英国为主导的国家联合体，由英国及其自治领和其他已独立的前殖民地、附属国组成，由54个主权国家（含属地）所组成，成员大多为前大英帝国的殖民地或附属国。各自治领地地位平等，彼此的内政和外交完全独立；共同效忠于英王，皆为自由结合的英联邦的成员。该组织元首为英国女王伊丽莎白二世，同时身兼英联邦王国内的16国的国家元首。

英联邦成员国及其附属国占据了全球五分之一的土地及四分之一的人口。成员国在许多领域进行商讨和合作，包括贸易、金融、国防、教育、技术、科研、法律、医药和农业。英联邦不是一个国家，而是一个松散的组织。

英联邦是英国对联邦其他成员国在政治、军事、财政经济和文化上施加影响的组织。

5、Capital city — London （白金汉宫，英国皇宫）, Palace of Westminster/ House of parliament（国会大厦）, Downing street（唐宁街）

New York) museum（大英博物馆） 金融城suburbs and part of the countryside around London, is divided into 32 boroughs 区，自治市镇，城区).

6、Tourist Attractions in London

Thames River（泰晤士河）

Tower Bridge（伦敦塔桥） （威斯敏斯特宫/国会大厦）

威斯敏斯特宫（Palace of Westminster），又称国会大厦（Houses of Parliament）是英国国会（包括上议院和下议院）的所在地。威斯敏斯特宫是哥德复兴式建筑的代表作之一。 （威斯敏斯特教堂）

Political significance：Commemoratory significance：（诗人之角）

Swiss Re Tower（瑞士再保险塔）

London Eye（伦敦眼）

Millennium Bridge（千禧桥）

Greenwich observatory（格林威治天文台）

Canary Wharf（金丝雀码头）

Millennium Dome（千年穹顶）

St Paul’s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）

London Tower（伦敦塔）

Canary Wharf Tower（金丝雀码头塔）

One Canada Square第一加拿大广场

HSBC Tower汇丰银行塔

8 Canada Square第八加拿大广场

Citigroup Centre 花旗集团中心

Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）—the residence of the queen（女王住处）

7、

Different names for Britain and its parts

8、Topography（地形）

① ②

9、Filling in the blanks

1）The British Isles — a geographic term which includes two large islands, and 2）3）—4）The UK is made up of and Northern Ireland is made up of 5）Three terms

British Isles（不列颠群岛）：Britain：Great Britain：

11、Rivers & Lakes

洛蒙德湖）, on the southwestern edge of the High-lands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain.

12、Climate & Weather

①Changeable ②Mild temperature ③Abundant rain fall

1. mid-latitude oceanic climate（中纬海洋性气候）

a. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;

b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;

c. Small range of temperature.

2. Factors

（季节性的）differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;

blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;

, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.

3. Rainfall

a. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;

b. Character: ①Water surplus in north and west; ②Water deficit in south and east;

c. Reservoirs（水库）have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands（苏格兰高地）.

Step2 History of the United Kingdom

13、A brief timeline of British history

0. Early history史前~43A.D.

1. Roman years 罗马人占领时期：55BC~410AD Early

2. Anglo-Saxon Britain and Anglo-Saxon Heptarch盎格鲁— Britain

与Danish invasion丹麦统治时期：449年~1066年

3. Norman Britain 诺曼底王朝4. House of Plantagenet 雀花王朝 Medieval

5. House of Lancaster 兰开斯特王朝 Britain

6. House of York 约克王朝1461~1485

7. House of Tudors都铎王朝1485~1603

Religious reformation

8. The House of Stuart斯图亚特王朝 1603~1714

British Bourgeois Revolution

9.House of Hanover汉诺威王朝1714~1917

Industrial revolution

Victorian Britain

World War One

10.House of Windsor温莎王朝1917~

World War Two

14、（英国土著居民是利比亚人）

15、（诺曼底入侵是历史上最后一次外族入侵）

16、1.什么是诺曼底征服（封建社会的开始）？

（位于法国西北部）

（黑斯廷斯战役）

4. Facts

The Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William, the Conqueror the first king of England.

5. Significance

It is of England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.

（要塞，堡垒）which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.

17、1. HenryⅡ在位期间三大事件：

在位国王: HenryⅡ

三大事件：①HenryⅡfounded the Plantagenet Dynasty;

②The jury of 12 sworn men system（12人陪审团制度）were introduced;

③The royal/common law（普遍法）replaced the feudal law（封建法）.

2. King John and ―The Great Charter‖

①King John was defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204.

②The lords got angry and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215.

③This document is known as The Great Charter (also named Magna Carta), later regarded as the ④Contents：（略看）

—no tax should be made without the approval of the council

—no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the land

—If the king attempted to free himself from law, the vassals（封臣）had the right to force the king to obey it.

⑤Significance：（略看）

—significance.

—It granted to the towns people The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.

3. Beginning of Parliament

①Henry Ⅲ (son of King John) heavily taxed the lords to pay tributes（贡品） to the Pope（罗马教皇）to defeat the lords.

②Simon de Montfort（蒙特福德爵士）, defender（守护者）of the Great Charter, reformed the （郡，县）and two representatives each town（城镇）.It （上议院）. ③The Earliest English Parliament （All Estates Parliament各等级议会）was summoned in 1265 （捕获，俘虏）of Henry Ⅲ.

4. summoned the ―All Estates Parliament‖— more than 400 hundred members in all. As that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the ―（模范国会）‖.

18、Hundred Years’ War（百年战争）

①A series of war waged from 1337 to 1453 by France and England. France won eventually. ②It was the longest war in the world. (1337-1453)

19、The Black Death（黑死病）P21名词解释

th①1348 -1350/ in mid-14th century

②Cause: the deadly bubonic plague（鼠疫）

③Consequence disease). 20、Wat Tyler's Uprising (1381) （瓦特泰勒起义） （农奴制）in medieval England.

21、Wars of the Roses (1455—1485)（玫瑰之战）

The Wars of the Roses (1455—1485) were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England from King Edward Ⅲ.（金雀花王朝的两分支兰开斯特&约克为争夺王位，均为爱德华三世的后裔） 22、Religious reformation

①Immediate cause: Henry Ⅷ’s divorce(Henry Ⅷ was not permitted to divorce Catherine, a Spanish princess.)

②Henry's elder daughter Mary was a Catholic and a militant（好斗的）Catholic at that. Her efforts as queen to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British history （血腥玛丽）.

③ElizabethⅠ（伊丽莎白一世）(7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and .

④The Golden Age（ElizabethⅠ为什么好？）

Under ElizabethⅠ（西班牙无敌舰队）. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. One of her mottoes was 我已经嫁给了英格兰。我是妇道人家，但我有囊括四海的帝王胸怀，一个英格兰国王所应该有的胸怀。——伊丽莎白一世

23、The ―Glorious Revolution‖ ①什么是―光荣革命‖？

②By that time, the Cavaliers and Roundheads had settled down to become England’s first .

24、Advantages for industrial revolution:

25、Victorian Britain

①Queen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901) （日不落帝国）.

②From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberal Party.(1900-1906)

③Charles Darwin's（达尔文）on the Origin of Species（物种起源）was published in 1859. ④By 1850, a nation-wide railway system had been constructed.

⑤The London Underground was the world's first underground railway with its first line opened in ⑥In 1882, incandescent electric lights（白炽灯）were introduced to London streets.

⑦The Opium War started.（鸦片战争）

26、British Empire（大英帝国）

The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland（纽芬兰）（两次世界大战后英受挫，虽为战胜国）

27、Major events in the two World Wars

Women staged a movement that led to a limited franchise for them in and full Step3 British Government and Politics

（议会制）

（代表共和制度）

29、①The monarchy is supposed to reign but not rule;

②the Crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing papers; ③the monarch formally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet;

④serves as head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland;

⑤gives the royal assent（御准）to bills before they become law;

⑥presides over the State Opening of Parliament;

⑦has the right to be informed and consulted on every aspect of national life and review all important government documents;

⑧regularly she chairs the Privy Council and meets with the Prime Minister in the Buckingham Palace to be advised and to advise about state affairs;

⑨also attends numerous artistic, industrial, scientific and charitable events of national and local interest.

30、Government

Basic Structure of UK Central Government：

31、The Legislature（立法机构）

the Prime Minister.（最长任期五年）

34、①The House of Lords

（上议院院长/大法官）

②The House of Commons

（下议院议长）

Three main functions of the house of commons:

⑴to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament;

⑵to examine, criticize and restrain the actions of the government;

⑶to influence the future government policy.

35、The Executive（立法机构）

①Components: The Cabinet（内阁）is composed of the heads of the most important departments. （首相）who decides which minister will be included.

②Functions: as the nucleus of the government, performs a pivotal（关键的）role in the English ③Official residence（办公地点）: The Cabinet meets regularly, usually once a week, in one of the rooms in the Prime Minister’s official residence, 36、Functions of the Prime Minister & the Cabinet

①can select cabinet;

②hand out departmental positions, dismiss ministers;

③amalgamate（合并）or split government departments;

④decide the agenda for cabinet meetings.

37、The Judiciary（司法机构 ）（了解）

Head: Lord chancellor

Proceedings:

All criminal trials（刑事审判） are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been approved guilty beyond reasonable doubt

In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decides the issue of guilt and innocence.

39、3.