高中英语语法-名词性从句
名词性从句
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组。在句中作主语;宾语;表语和同位语。因此,主语从句;宾语从句;表语从句和同位语从句通称为名词性从句。
第一节 主语从句
引导主语从句的连接词有:that, whether, who, which, what, when, where, how, why等。
That she was invited to the ball made her very happy.
Whether he will come to the ball has nothing to do with me. Whoever wants to see the film may get a ticket free.
Which team will win the match is still unknown.
What interests you doesn’t interest him.
Where they had stayed was still unknown.
When they will have a meeting hasn’t been decided.
注意:
1从句作主语谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
Who will go is not important.
2为了调节句子平衡,常用it作形式主语。
It is a pity that he didn’t come yesterday.
It’s necessary that every League member (should) take the lead and work well.
It’s suggested that a modern hotel (should) be put up at the foot of the hill.
3陈述句部分的主语是从句时,其反意疑问句部分的主语用it.
How he became a scientist is known to us all, isn’t it?
主语从句习题
1.________ makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
2. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. that C. if D. for
3.When and why he came here ________ yet.
A. is not known B. are not known
C. has not known D. have not known
4. ________ is no reason for dismissing her.
A. Because she was a few minutes late
B. Owing to a few minutes late
C. The fact that she was a few minutes late
D. Being a few minutes late
5. ________ Tom liked to eat was different from ________.
A. That„that you had expected
B. What „that you had expected
C. That„what you had expected
D. What„what you had expected
6.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good.
A. If...do B. That...do
C. If...does D. That...does
7.It ________ Bob drives badly.
A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that
8.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing.
A. if B. that C. whether D. how
9.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.
A. That B. What C. How D. Which
10.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have.
A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
11.____ you don't like him is none of my business.
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
12..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
13._________is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee.
A. That B. Why C. How D. Who
14._______we'll finish translating the book depends on the time.
A. When B. Why C. What D. That
15.______he won't go there is clear to all of us.
A. How B. What C. Why D. This
[参考答案] 1-10 CBACD DDCAA 11-20 CBDAC BDCAC
第二节 宾语从句
作动词、介词或形容词宾语的从句。
I think (that) you will like the pictures.
I feel it important that they finish their own task in time.
They are worrying about whether they can get there in time.
You can write about whatever topic you can think of.
Are you sure what you will do next?
I'm afraid that he will fail in the exam.
一 宾语从句三原则:语序;时态;引导词。
1.语序:宾语从句用陈述句语序。
I wonder what he is writing to me about
但是:what’s the matter/wrong (with)„„语序不变.
The owner came up to see what was the matter with me/what was wrong with me
2.时态:宾语从句谓语动词的时态与主句谓语动词的时态保持一致。
(1).如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时,宾语从句用它本身的时态。
I hear he will come back in an hour.
(2).如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,宾语从句则用相应的过去时态。 She said that he had never been to the Great Wall.
(3).如果宾语从句的内容是客观真理时,宾语从句仍然用一般现在时。
The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. / light travels faster than sound.
3.引导词:
(1)由that引导
(2)由if/whether引导
(3)由特殊疑问词引导
二 it在宾语从句中的应用:
1. vt.+it+adj./n.+that-clause 或wh-clause。
She has made it clear that she will have nothing to do with him.
2.i)在主谓宾结构中,有一些习惯上不以that-clause或 wh-clause从句直接作宾语的动词,如果要接宾语从句,往往需要在从句前加上形式宾语it. The newspapers have it that some Japanese firms have gone bankrupt. 报纸说有几家日本公司已破产
I don’t like it when he is unhappy.
这类动词还有:have(表明,坚持说),take(认为),hide(隐瞒),love ,like,
dislike, hate, enjoy etc
ii) 在主谓宾结构中, 如果谓语动词是短语动词,即动词+介词,一般不能that接从句。如果接从句,必须加上形式宾语it.
I will answer for it that Lao Ma will accomplish the task.
我担保老马能完成这项任务
Look to it that you make no more similar mistakes.
注意今后你不再犯类似的错误了
I am counting on it that you will come.
我期待着你的到来
这类动词还有:depend on, see to etc.
iii)某些固定搭配之后如果接that宾语从句,也必须使用作形式宾语it. We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident.
这次事故没造成严重的后果全靠你
I didn’t send you an invitation, as I took it for granted that you would
be coming.
因为我认为你当然会来,所以没有给你发请柬
三
1 否定的转移
当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等表示看法的动词时,宾语从句中谓语动词的否定式,习惯上前移到主句的谓语动词上. I don’t think that he will be back until nine.
2 复杂疑问句/双重疑问句
特殊疑问词+do you think/ believe/ suppose/imagine etc+其它部分(陈述句语序)?
Who do you guess that girl in red is?
Why do you think we can’t cut down the big tree?
----We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time.
----What do you suppose has happened to her? Who do you imagine will speak at the meeting tomorrow?
3
----Will they be ready tomorrow?
----Yes, I think so. (Yes, I think that they will be ready tomorrow) so 用来替代某一些动词(think, believe, suppose, imagine, hope etc) 后面的that从句.
----Will they attend the meeting next month? ----No, I don’t believe so (I believe not)
在替代否定概念,既可以用so,也可以用not.
但是:在hope和be afraid后在替代否定概念只能是not,不能是so.
----Do you think we’ll have bad weather? ----I hope not.
----Have you got a work permit? ----I’m afraid not. 宾语从句练习题
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
17.He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him
19.I don't like ______ as you read.
A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels
20.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
参考答案及解析
1. A. which用作关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。
2.C. "和谁讲话”要说speak to sb. 本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词,作介词to的宾语,可以省略。
3. D. where是关系副词,表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
4. C. when是关系副词,表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
5.A. which是关系代词,在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。
6.C. 解析同第5题。
7. A. 解析见第3题。
8. A. 本句话的先行词应该是films,因此,关系代词that是负数概念,其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the,则the one应该视为先行词。
9. A. “谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词,其后要用which作宾语,不能用that。
10. A. with which是"介词+关系代词"结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.
11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在从句中作状语.
12. D. with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.
13. D. whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.
14. A. that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.
15. D. the same……..as是固定用法, as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.
16. D. such……… as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.
17. B. as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词,而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后,也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.
18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定语从句.with whom放在从句中为:I went to the concert with Li Ming.
19. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配,其中such和same修饰其后的名词,as为关系代词,指代其前的名词引导定语从句。 as在从句中可以作主
语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用such a……..,本题中such books, such直接修饰复数名词.
20. B. things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.
第三节 表语从句
含有表语从句的复合句,其主句的主语常常用fact, idea, opinion, problem, question, reason, result或者由what引起的主语从句。引导表语从句连接代词或者连接副词除常用that以外,who, which, what, whether, when, where, why, how, because, as, as if/as though等。如:
The chance is that one smoker in four will die from smoking.
What we want to know is whether your products came up to the standard Shenzhen is no longer what it used to be.
That’s where I can’t agree with you.
This is how they overcame the difficulties.
It sounds as if/though somebody was knocking at the door.
注意:
先说结果,后说原因,用This/That is because„
先说原因,后说结果,用That/This is why„
当主语是reason时,引导表语从句的连接词只能用that
He is absent. This is because he is ill.
He is ill. That is why he is absent.
The reason why he is absent is that he is ill.
表语从句练习题 表语从句
1. The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week.
A. that B. if C. when D. whether
2.The reason why he failed is ________he was too careless.
A. because B. that C. for D. because of
3. Go and get your coat. It’ s ________you left it
A. where B. there C. there where D. where there
4.The problem is _________to take the place of Ted
A. who can we get B. what we can get
C. who we can get D. that we can get
5. What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.
A. that B. if C. whether D.不填
6. The reason is_________I missed the bus.
A. that B. when C. why D. what
7. That is __ ___ we were late last time.
A. that B. when C. why D. what
8. She looked _________ she were ten years younger.
A. that B. like C. as D. as though
9.—I fell sick!
--I think it is _______ you are doing too much.
A. why B. when C. what D. because
10. The reason why he hasn’t come is ___________.
A. because his mother is ill B. because of his mother’s being ill
C. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill
11. —He was born here.
-- That is _______ he likes the place so much.
A. that B. what C. why D. how
12.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.
A. what B. where C. that D. why
DBACCACDDCCB
第四节 同位语从句
1 先行词与连接代词或者连接副词的选择
常见的可以跟同位语从句的名词有:
fact, news, hope, belief, truth, message, word, idea, doubt, question, problem, reason, order, suggestion, 等。
引导同位语从句连接代词或者连接副词除常用that以外,who, which, what, whether, when, where, why, how等。如:
I have no idea whether he can manage to do that himself.
I have no idea where he spent the night.
He asked me a question which team could win the game.
The question how the students could improve their spoken English is very important
2 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
He made a decision that surprised all of us.
He has made a decision that he will set up a new factory.
He visited the place where he was born.
The problem where they could find such a person was not mentioned. 同位语从句说明名词的具体内容。that和whether只起连接作用,不充当任何成分,不能省略,也不能用which或if代替;其他的连接词在同位于从句中作句子成分,但不是指代前面的名词,而是有自身疑问意思。定语从句说明名词的性质、特征。
3 分隔同位语从句
当主句的谓语部分过短时,同位语从句放在谓语动词的后面,以免头重脚轻,句子不平衡。
The story goes that William Tell did kill the ruler with that arrow. Word came that our team had won the game.
Information has been put forward that more middle-school graduates will be admitted into universities
同位语从句练习题
1.The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
A.that B.what C.why D.which
2.The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
A.that B.what C.which D.why
3.The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
A.what B.that C.why D.when
4.His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
A.which B.that C./ D.it
5.I have no idea ____ he will start.
A.when B.that C.what D./
6.I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.
A.if B.that C.whether D.which
7.The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A.when B.which C.what D.that
8.The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A.which B.whether C.that D.what
9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A.that B.as C.of which D.which
10.He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
A.whether B.where C.that D.when
Keys:
1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA
第五节 名词性从句几点说明
一 what/ that
1. what
i) 在名词性从句中通常作主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语。
1) What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad. What was once regarded as possible has bow become a reality.
What you say may well be true.
(“„„的东西”;“„„的事情”;“„„的话”;相当于the thing(s) which/that; all that)
2) After ten years, she changed a lot and looked different from what she used to be.
(“„„的人”相当于the person that„)
3) This is what the children call “home”. 这就是孩子们称之为“家”的地方
What is now the primary school was once an old temple. 现在是小学的地方曾是一座古庙
(“„„的地方”相当于the place that„)
4) After what seemed a very long time, I opened my eyes and found myself in bed!
好像过了好长一段时间后,我睁开双眼,却发现自己躺在床上!
Times aren’t what they were. 时代不同了
(“„„的时间”相当于 the time that„)
5) Your mother’s health is not what it used to be. (what相当于the health that„)
6) The population is now double what it was ten year ago.(what相当于the number that„)
They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state.(what相当于the money that„)
ii) 在名词性从句中作定语。
Don’t worry. I will give you what help I can 别担心,我一定尽我所能帮你
I’ll lend you what few reference books I can spare. 我愿把我用不着的但为数不多的参考书全部借给你
We contributed what little money we had towards the earthquake-stricken area.
我们把为数不多的钱全部捐献给地震灾区
iii) 用来表示比喻
“A is to B what C is to D” 意思是:“A对于B 犹如C对于D 一样” Virtue is to the soul what health is to the body. 美德对于心灵犹如健康对于人的身体
The people is to the people’s army what water is to fish. 人民军队的离不开人民,就象鱼离不开水一样
2 that
1) that在名词性从句中,没有实在含义,不充当任何成分,只起连接作用。 解题思路:what和that的选择看从句中是否缺少成分;看从句的意思是否完整。 What he said at the meeting surprised everyone present.
That he said nothing at the meeting surprised everyone present.
The problem is what we should do to protect the earth from being polluted. The fact is that we should do something to protect the earth from being polluted.
2) that在主语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句中通常不能省略,也不能用which代替。
3) that 引导宾语从句时, that可以省略。
I hope (that) we can adapt ourselves to the new situation. 但是:
i).在介词之后不可省略。
She knew nothing about his journey but/except that he was likely to be away for three months.
ii)两个或更多的由that引导的宾语从句并列时,仅可省略第一个连词that。 He said (that) there wasn’t any trouble and that he was waiting for his change.
He said (that) he had eaten nothing but that he wasn’t hungry. iii)that 引导的宾语从句中带有主从复合句时,that通常不可省略。 Don’t you know that what he has done is right?
二 if / whether
1. 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时,通常用whether而不用if. Whether it is true remains a problem.
The question is whether he will speak at the meeting.
I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan.
2. 引导宾语从句时
i).当宾语从句是肯定句时, 用if/whether都可以。
当宾语从句是否定句时, 只能用if。
Could you tell us if/whether it snows in winter in Australia? I don’t care if it doesn’t snow.
ii).介词之后的宾语从句只能用whether不用if.
Whether we’ll start depends on whether it’ll be fine tomorrow. iii). 当宾语从句位于句首表示强调时, 不用if.
Whether he is coming or not, I can’t tell.
iiii).注意以下结构:
I don’t know if they will come or not ( √ )
I don’t know whether they will come or not ( √ )
I don’t know if or not they will come. ( × )
I don’t know whether or not they will come ( √ )
总之,在名词性从句中,if和whether只有在肯定的宾语从句中,才可以替换。
三 whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever„/no matter what, no matter
which, no matter who, no matter whom„
1) whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 既可以引导让步状语从句,又可以引导名词性从句。
Don’t change your plans, whatever (=no matter what) happens. Whatever I have is yours.
I’m ready to do whatever the people want me to.
2) no matter what, no matter which, no matter who, no matter whom 只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。
No matter what (=Whatever) I did, no one paid attention.
四 who/whoever
1 who特指谁
It was a matter of who would take the position to replace Mr. Smith as principal.
2 whoever泛指无论是谁
Whoever will come is none of my business. 名词性从句练习题
1. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A. When B. What C. That D. /
2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when
3. _____ he is doing seems quite difficult.
A. How B. That C. Which D. What
4. _____ that there is another good harvest this year.
A. It says B. It is said C. It was said D. He was said
5. _____ that she has received a doctor‘s degree.
A. It’s a splendid news
B. This is a splendid news
C. It‘s splendid news
D. This is splendid news
6. _____ still needs to be discussed.
A. How is the plan to be carried out
B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out
D. Why the plan carried out
7. _____ is unknown to us all.
A. Where did she put it
B. Where she put it
C. That where she put it
D. In which she put it
8. _____ nothing to do with us.
A. What he did is
B. What he has done is
C. What did he do has
D. What he has done has
9. That‘s _____ the Party called on us to do.
A. what B. that C. how D. why
10. The reason why I have to go is _____ if I don‘t.
A. that she will be disappointed
B. because she will be disappointed
C. on account of her being disappointed
D. that she will be disappointing
11. It was _____ he worked hard that he succeeded.
A. because B. since C. as D. for
12. I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word “infinity” mean
B. what the word “infinity” means
C. what the meaning of the word “infinity”
D. what the word “infinity” mean
13. _____ do you think will teach us maths next term?
A. Whom B. Who C. What D. That
14. Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest
B. that she is honesty
C. she is honest
D. is she honest
15. He often thinks of _____ he can do more for the four modernizations.
A. what B. how C. that D. which
答案与解析:
1. C that在引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句时不省略,引导宾语从句时可省略。
2. B whether„or无论„还是
3. D what he is doing 他所做的事情。
4. B 由that引导的主语从句通常用形式主语来代替
5. C由that引导的主语从句通常用形式主语来代替,news是不可数名词,所以选C
6. B “怎样实施计划还有待讨论”,语序应该为称述语序,所以选B
7. B “她放在什么地方,我们大家都不知道”,语序应该为称述语序,所以选B
8. D “他所做的与我们无关”have nothing to 与什么无关,句子做主语,谓语用单数,所以选D
9. A 那就是聚会号召我们做的事情
10. A that在从句中做成分则为定语从句;that在从句中不做成分则为同位语从句。
11. A
12. B 语序应该为称述语序,所以选B
13. B “你认为谁会来教我们下学期的数学”
14. C “你能肯定她是诚实的”,省略了that
15. B 他经常在思考怎样为四个现代化多做贡献。