扩句成段的几种有效方法

扩句成段的几种有效方法

吉绍锋，马静

(唐山学院大学外语部，河北唐山063000)

第16卷第3期

2003年09月

唐山学院学报

Journal of Tangshan College

Vol. 16 No. 3

Sep. 2003

摘要:介绍了在英语写作中扩句成段的10种方法，在阐释贾领的同时列举了实例。 关键词:英语写作;句子;段落;扩展;中心句

中图分类号:H315文献标识码:A文章编号:1672一249X(2003)02一004:一02

Effective Ways to Develop Sentences into Paragraphs

JI Shao-feng,MA Jing

(College English Division Tangshan College, Tangshan 063000,China) Abstract:The paper introduces ten ways to develop sentences into paragraphs in English writing with examples.

Key Words -English writing; sentence;paragraph; develop;focus sentence

这里的扩句成段，是指在英文写作中根据中心句的主导

思想展开论说和阐述，将其扩展成一个或几个段落，换句话

说就是选用、组织一些词、词组或句子来阐述、说明、论证中

心句。下面介绍扩句成段的一些方法:

1举例法

举例就是用具体的事例来证明作者的观点和见解，阐发

中心句的内容。举例是扩展中心句最常用的方法之一，它能

使文章富有说服力。要注意选择最能支持作者观点、最有说

服力的事例。例子的多少主要由表达的需要而定。例如:

Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They

can make us strong, prevent us from getting too fat，and

keep us healthy. Especially they can be of great value to

people who work with their brains most of the day，for

sports and games give people valuable practice in exercising

the body

第一句sports and games do a lot of good to our health

是中心句，其主导思想是a lot of good，后边的例子都是用来

阐述这一主导思想的。

2定义法

为了避免混乱和误解，可对读者不熟悉或可能有多种解

释的概念下定义。定义法是文章写作中又一种常见的方法。

定义的方法主要有以下几种:

(1)用同义词或同义词组来解释某一术语或新词。例

如:To mend means to repair.

(2)用含有定语从句的句子为术语下定义。这是下定义 的一种最普遍的手段。这种句子中的定语从句一般包括3个 组成部分:①术语;②术语所属的类别;③该术语指称的事物 与同类别其它事物的区别。

句型结构如下:Term(术语)=its general class(基本属 类)+how it is different。例如:A generator is an apparatus which produces electricity.

(3)扩展式定义。有时一个概念比较复杂或比较重要， 用同义词、同义词组或者句子下定义还不能解释清楚，或者 容易与其它概念相混淆，则有必要采用扩展式定义。扩展式 定义一般是先讲出被定义的术语，然后再用具体实例加以说 明，并将其与易混的概念区别开来。例如:

Poetry is“branch of literature which explores ideas，

emotions，and experiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called "verse”，depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of language for its special

effects. Poetry，even more than prose (all other writings)， depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words,a poem says much in little space. Poetry differs from prose in obvious way，also. Most often the first word' of every line begins with a capital letter,even in the middle of sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhyme，and often they have a

particular rhythm,like music.

3比较和对比法

比较和对比是一种重要的写作手法。比较(包括比似)是 两种事物相同点的比较，而对比则指两种事物差异点的比 较。通过比较和对比，作者可以将自己的论点阐述得更加清 楚、明确，使论证更加有力，使文章生动、具体。比较和对比应 遵循如下原则:

(1)只能在同种类事物之间进行比较。例如:city life and country life(城市生活和农村生活),socialism and capitalism (社会主义和资本主义)。

(2)在实际运用中，往往先指出共同点，后指出差异和 不同点。

用比较法和对比法来扩句成段的技巧大致可以概括为 以下3种:

①整体对整体法:先全面介绍A，然后再全面介绍B。当 相比的事物或人的可比点比较明显、比较广泛时，常使用这 种方法。

②部分对部分法:先进行第一点比较，再进行第二点比 较，然后依次进行第三、第四等各点的比较。当两者的相比点 比较多、比较具体时，便于采用这种方法。

③异同法:先列出对比的事物或人的相同点，然后再列 出差异点;也可以先列出差异点，再列出相同点。这主要取决

于表达的意图。如果想强调差异，则先列出相同点，后列出差 异点;反之则先列出差异点，后列出相同点。一般地，后者是 强调的重点。

4分类法

所谓分类，就是把某些具有共同特征的事物按一定下位 特征分成若干属类，比如植物分类、图书分类等。用分类法来 扩句成段时，在中心句里一般应首先说明根据什么原则或标 准分类，把事物分成多少类或哪几类，然后逐类加以说明。英 语中表示分类的连接手段有许多，常见的有以下几种:

(1)„can/may/might/be devided/classified/categori-

zed/grouped into...;

(2 )we can/may/might divide/classify/categorize/group ... into...;

(3)There are„classes/kinds/types/categories/

varieties of„。

5因果法

论述因果关系二般应首先阐明事物发生的原因，然后再 得出结果，但在有些情况下也可以只说明事情的原因，或者 只陈述结果。在学术研究的各个领域里，因果法经常要用到。 例如:We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous

habit because it causes health problems. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the’ lungs and throats and can also contribute to cancer to other organs. Besides，it can

bring about other health problems such as heart lung

diseases„It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.

表示因果的常用词语有:

(1)动词。引出原因的有to result from,to be the result of, to be due to; to be a consequence 01等;引出结果的有to lead to,to contribute to,to result in,to be the cause of,cause等。

(2)介词和介词短语，如because of,owing to,on account of等。

(3)连词，如because ,as,since,for,in that ,now that,

seeing that， considering that等;

(4)语言素材，如so that, so ... that, such "- that,

therefore,as a result,consequently,according ly,thus等。

6程序法

程序法是扩句成段的又一种重要手段。表示程序的段落 多是按时间顺序展开的。一般有两种形式，即过程描述和过程 指导。前者用于介绍某事发生发展的过程，目的在于向人们提 供情况信息;后者主要告诉人们怎么做，目的是介绍实际操作 方法。程序法常为科技文章所采用，且常用被动语态。例如: Do you know how paper is made? First,the logs are put in the shredder. Then they are cut into small chips and mixed

with water and acid. Next they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After this, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then,sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed,dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.

这里叙述的是造纸的程序，一道工序接一道工序。其中 大量运用了被动语态。

7按时间顺序

叙述故事、回顾历史或讲述过程等常按时间顺序展开。 按时间顺序组织的段落一般是先发生的先说，后发生的后 说。用这种方法扩句成段时，应注意正确选用时序信号词，如 first,second ,third ,at first,then finally等。例如:

There are three steps involved in making a woodcut(木 刻，木刻画). The first step is to cut a pattern on a flat block of wood. Second,spread printer's ink over the surface of the wood block. Third，press the inked block against a sheet of paper. When the ink has bride on the paper,your woodcut is finished.

g按空间顺序

按空间顺序扩展成的段落，对事物按一定的空间位移顺 序加以说明，如从上到下，从左到右，由近及远，从外到里等。 为此，写作时应首先选择一个合适的起点，然后按照一定的 顺序展开叙述、描写，让读者顺着作者的视线去理解。常用来 表示空间关系的方位词和方位词组有:above, across from,

also，around，up，under，below，beyond，down, here，in the distance，nearby, next to，close to，on the left，on the right， opposite to, on top of, beneath, over、vertical horizontal，

parallel to，等等。这些词语在段落中充当连接纽带。用这种 方法可大至写一个国家，小到写一个房间。一般地，空间范围 越小，就越容易下手。例如:

My house consists of two floors:the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground floor there's the dinning一

room,sitting一room,the kitchen and the hall. in the hall we keep a stand for hats,coats and umbrellas. A staircase leads from the hall to the landing on the first floor. On this floor there are four bedrooms,a bathroom and lavatory. On top of the roof there are three chimneys. In front of the house we have a small garden, in which we grow flowers. At the back of the house there's a much larger garden with a lawn and some fruit trees. At the side of the house is a garage,where I keep my car. The garden is enclosed by a fence, with a gate in it.

9按递减顺序

递减顺序是指从一般到个别的顺序。按递减顺序组织的 段落常把中心句放在段首，然后通过一些细节来阐发它。用 这种方法组织段落能够突出重点，开门见山点明主题，使读 者能很快抓住重点。例如:

Electricity

now is widely

heat. It also

was discovered two ltousand years ago，and

used in our life. Electricity gives us light and

electricity，radio communications is made possible. People even can't imagine what our life would be like without

electricity.

10按递增顺序

与递减顺序相反，递增顺序是从个别到一般。按递增顺 序组织段落时，常把细节放在段首和中间，即先写细节部分， 然后再归纳、总结，也就是说，将中心句放在段尾。例如: If we didn't eat，we couldn't keep our bodies alive，we couldn't grow,we couldn't have energy,and various parts of our body couldn't function as they must. Modern scientists have been able to find out which substances in food our bodies need,and how much of these substances we need to be healthy. In other words，it isn't enough just to eat;we must take in enough of each type of food substance for a specific purpose.

(责任编校:安树一)