心理学学术论文写作规范--APA6th简介
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心理学学术论文写作规范 ——APA 6th简介
中国科学院心理研究所 图书馆 卫垌圻
APA 6th
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Sixth Edition) 1929年从7页的薄册子发展成为近300页的 APA manual 6th. 几乎成为社会科学的通用格式。 APA 5th：59.8/APA5，阅览室 APA 6th：59.8/PM，书库
APA 6th
有了Endnote，为什么要了解APA 6th？
Endnote解决不了所有问题 基本科学素养的表现
APA 6th
写作风格 语法与词汇使用 结构 正文格式
写作风格
清晰：
描述和解释要详明，通过描述可以重复你的研究 词汇选用避免混淆；
Articles by psychologists such as Skinner and Watson… Like Watson, Skinner believe… Articles by psychologists, like Skinner and Watson…
避免口语表达；
Quite a large part, very few. 不同人有不同的理解。
在使用代词和进行比较时特别要注意。
直白：用词简单，少用修辞手法 语气：采用职业的非攻击性的语气 Fong and Nisbett did not consider ... Fong and Nisbett completely overlooked...
写作风格
连贯：保持连贯的方法是使用代词和连接词
time links (then, next, after, while, since) cause—effect links (therefore, consequently, as a result) addition links (in addition, moreover, furthermore, similarly) contrast links (but, conversely, nevertheless, however, although)
写作风格
平顺（Smoothness）
出声朗读自己的文章 注意时态是否一致：过去时用于Result，现在 时用于讨论结果 不要用名词串
commonly used investigative expanded issue control question technique early childhood thought disorder misdiagnosis
写作风格
经济的表达
变换句子长度有利于读者保持兴趣。避免一个 长句构成独立一段。 Based on the fact that——because At the present time——now For the purpose of——for/to There were several students who completed——several students completed
写作风格
经济的表达
They were both alike A total of 68 participants Four different groups saw In close proximity Summarize briefly The reason is because Has been previously found
写作风格
Approaches to achieving professional and effective communication
Writing from an outline; main ideas, subordinate ideas；avoid tangential excursion Putting aside the first draft, then rereading it later; Reading aloud. Asking a colleague to review
写作顺序问题
语法与词汇使用
略举两个例子 举例1 On the basis of this assumption, we developed a model… Based on this assumption, the model… Based on this assumption, we developed a model… 举例2 These data provide only a partial answer. Thes
e data only provide a partial answer.
结构——Title
简明陈述主要议题——变量（variables） 与关系（relationship） 涉及方法和结果的词汇不要出现在标题中， 比如
A Study of or An Experimental Investigation of.
A FMRI study of 可以 不要超过12个词，首页上部居中。
结构——Abstract
摘要不是引言，摘要自成一体 准确而简明，信息量的最大化
开宗名义 不要重复标题内容 只包含4-5个重要概念、结果与含义
不要含有文中没有的新信息 非评价性：如实描绘而非评价 独占一页
结构——Introduction
State why the problem deserves new research. Describe relevant scholarship Discuss the relevant literature, do not include an exhaustive historical review. Avoid nonessential details. Emphasize pertinent findings, relevant methodological issues, and major conclusion. Demonstrate the logical continuity between previous and present work; Develop the problem with enough breath and clarity, Do not write a statement intelligible only to the specialist.
结构——Introduction
State hypotheses and their correspondence to research design. Describe how your hypothesis were derived from theory or are logically connected to previous data and argumentation. 多个假设，要表述出那个更重要 “Introduction”在文中不出现
结构——Methods, Results
找一篇同类文章照着写自己的。 Assume that your reader has a professional knowledge of statistical methods; Do not give a reference or formula for statistics in common use. Effective presentation 呈现不超过3个数据：句子表述 呈现4-20个数据：表格表述 呈现超过20个数据：图更为有效 When using a statistical term in the narrative, use the term, not the symbol. Use “The means were”, not “The Ms were”.
结构——Methods, Results
Information that used to be routinely presented in tables (e.g. analysis of variance [ANOVA] tables) is now routinely presented in text. Tables can be understood in isolation. Table supplements, rather than duplicates, the text. Discuss only the table’s highlights. Do not write “the table above” (or below) or “the table on page 32”. 5.01-5.19是表格的格式说明 5.20-5.30是图的格式说明
结构——Discussion
Open the discussion section with a clear statement of the support or nonsupport for your original hypothesis. Similarities and differences between your results and the work of others should clarify and confirm your conclusion. Do not simply reformulate and repeat points already made; each new statement should contribute to your position and to the reader's understanding of the problem. Acknowledge limitation, address alternative explanation of results. Discuss the generalizability, or external validity, of the findings.
结
构——References
Double-spaced, hanging indent 题目只有第一个字母大写 来源期刊名称斜体，每个字母都大写；卷用斜体，前面没有 Vol. 期不用斜体，在卷后的括号中。 Doi后面没空格，结尾没有标点 期刊通用格式： Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author C.C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx 7 Reference Examples.
结构——其他
Author’s Name (Byline) Institutional Affiliation Author Note Footnotes Appendices and Supplemental Materials
正文格式
双倍行距 12 pt Times New Roman 上下左右边距为1英寸 少于50个字母的page header 左对齐 段落缩进5-7个空格
正文格式
正文格式——直接引用
短于40个词的直接引用，用双引号在文中标 出，随后注明出处;
正文格式——直接引用
40个词以上要起一个引用段，且没有双引号
正文格式——间接引用
一个作者 (Author, Year) Author (Year) 两个引用 (Author, Year; Author, Year) 两个作者 Author and Author (Year) (Author & Author, Year) 三个作者到五个作者 (AuthorA, AuthorB, & AuthorC, 1999) 三个Author后面都有逗号， AuthorC前有& (AuthorA et al., Year) AuthorA后面没有逗号 六个以上 (AuthorA et al, Year)
正文格式——间接引用
要引用第一手资料 二手引用
Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
引用时注明页码的重要性
正文格式——标点
空格：J. R. Zhang; e.g., am., i.e., U.S. 逗号 in a study by Stacy, Newcomb, and Bentler (1991) in a study by Stacy, Newcomb and Bentler (1991) 双引号：直接引用
正文格式——标点
括号：不正确的做法——(e.g., defensive pessimism)(Norem & Cantor, 1986);was statistically significant (F[1,32] =4.37, p=.045); was statistically significant [F(1,32) =4.37, p=.045] 斜体：She compared it with meta-analysis, which is described in the next section; We ranked the items on a scale ranging from 1 (all of the time) to 5 (never). 数字：Twelve students improved, and 12 students did not improve; r(24)=-.43; Cohen’s d=0.70;
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8.07 Checklist for Manuscript Submission Sample Cover Letter
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