电梯节能能量回馈控制系统设计

第31卷第1期2010年　2月河南科技大学学报:自然科学版Journal of Henan University of Science and Technol ogy:Natural Science Vol . 31No . 1Feb . 2010

文章编号:1672-6871(2010) 01-0027-04

电梯节能能量回馈控制系统设计

申　瑞, 张自强, 董　燕, 叶　立1121

(1. 上海师范大学信息与机电工程学院, 上海200234; 2. 阿克苏职业技术学院机电系, 新疆阿克苏843000)

摘要:为了提高电梯节能能量回馈系统的直流电压的利用率, 减少回馈电能对电网的污染, 梯节能能量回馈控制系统, 回馈能量的逆变采用S VP WM 技术理, 并对该逆变节能控制系统进行了仿真实验研究。, 采用S VP WM 技术, , 。

关键词:电梯节能; 计算机仿真; 能量逆变; S VP 中图分类号:T M92:0　前言

, 当电梯快速制动以及电梯上行时, 电梯的驱动电机处于再生发电状态, 产生的再生电能传输到变频器的直流侧滤波电容上, 产生泵升电压, 严重威胁系统的工作安全。目前, 控制泵升电压的普遍方法是:通过在直流母线上接一个能耗电阻, 将能量释放。这种方法由于电梯在工作中制动频繁并带位势负载运行, 一方面造成能量严重浪费; 另一方面电阻发热, 使得环境温度升高, 影响系统工作的可靠性。

电梯节能能量回馈系统的作用就是将储存在变频器直流侧电容中的电能及时逆变为交流电, 并回

[2]馈给电网, 从而达到节能的目的。对于直流电能到交流电能的逆变目前已经有一些成熟的技术, 在

电梯节能控制系统的逆变技术应用中取得较好效果的还不多, 本文分析了S VP WM 方法在电梯节能能量逆变器中的应用。[1]

1　能量回馈控制系统组成及工作原理

1. 1　能量回馈系统组成

电梯节能能量回馈的本质是将直流电能转换为交流电能的有源逆变, 其目的是将电动机在发电状态下产生的直流电能回馈到交流电网, 实现节能并尽量避免对电网的污染。

电梯直流电能逆变回馈过程中, 系统要求在相位、电压、电流等方面应满足的控制条件如下:

(1) 逆变过程必须与电网相位保持同步关系; (2) 当直流母线电压超过设定值时, 才启动逆变装置进行能量回馈; (3) 逆变电流必须满足回馈功率的要求, 但不大于逆变电路所允许的最大电流; (4) 应尽量减少逆变过程对电网的污染。

根据以上要求, 本文设计了一种利用单片机为控制核心的电梯节能能量逆变系统。该系统主要由中央处理单元(AVR 单片机) 、直流母线电流检测单元、直流母线电压检测单元、同步信号检测单元、逻辑保护控制单元及功率逆变单元(I P M 模块) 组成, 系统的整体框图如图1所示。

1. 2　工作原理

当电梯上升负载较轻或快速制动时, 电梯由于系统配重使电梯的驱动电机工作于发电状态, 此时能量的传输反向, 由电机将机械能反传给变频器。这部分能量将累积在滤波电容上, 产生泵升电压, 滤波电容两端电压即直流母线电压升高到超过电网线电压峰值后, 整流桥反向阻断。当直流母线电压继续升高, 超过启动有源逆变电路的工作电压时, 逆变电路开始工作, 将直流母线上的能量逆变回馈电网。

基金项目:上海市自然科学基金项目(09ZR1423400)

作者简介:申　瑞(1984-) , 女, 河南洛阳人, 硕士生.

收稿日期:2009-10-23

28河南科技大学学报:自然科学版　　　　　　　　　　　　　2010年同时连接在能量回馈系统与三相交流电网之间的高频磁芯扼流电抗器将吸收直流母线电压和电网线电压的差值, 以减小对电网电压的影响。随着这部分能量的释放, 当直流母线电压回落到设定值后, 逆变电路停止工作

。

图1　电梯节能能量逆变回馈系统

系统中的功率电路采用新型功率器件I P M (智能功率模块) 。I P M 内部集成了高速、低耗的I G BT (绝缘门双极晶体管) 和优化的门极驱动及过流、短路、欠压和过热保护电路, 它提高了逆变电路的性能和工作可靠性, 降低了系统成本, 缩短了产品开发周期。

为保证系统安全工作, 逆变回馈控制系统中还设置了过流、过压、等多种保护功能。只要任何一种保护起作用, 都将封锁逆变控制信号的输出, 及时对I P M 驱动电路进行封锁, 保护I P M 模块及其他电路不致损坏, 提高能量回馈系统的安全性

。

2　能量回馈逆变控制电路及控制方法

2. 1　功率逆变电路设计

功率逆变器选用的是三菱公司生产的I P M 模

块P M150RSE120, 其内部原理电路如图2虚线框

内电路所示。图中电压Ud 为电梯变频器滤波电

容即直流母线侧的直流电压, L1、L2、L3为高频磁

芯扼流电抗器, 电感值均为5mH 。图中的大功率

开关管T1～T6是I G BT 晶体管。经过三相逆变电

路输出的三相交流电能直接回馈三相交流电

[3-5]网。

2. 2　控制方法图2　功率逆变电路原理图

控制方法的优劣直接影响逆变系统的性能, 为

了使电梯节能能量逆变器的节能效果显著, 且减少逆变电能对电网造成的冲击, 采用的控制方法应使直流电压利用率越高越好, 逆变电能的总谐波失真越小越好。本设计采用了三相变频技术中的S VP WM

[6-7]技术, 是一种较新的且应用广泛的P WM 技术。经过仿真表明这种逆变控制方法能使该系统能够

达到较好的逆变效果。

3　能量逆变回馈控制系统实验仿真

3. 1　控制算法仿真模型

采用Matlab 的Si m ulink 模块组成仿真模型对能量逆变系统进行仿真, 根据S VP WM 方法的原理, 构

[8]造S VP WM 算法的仿真模型, 如图3所示。实现S VP WM 算法的基本步骤为:

第1期申　瑞等:电梯节能能量回馈控制系统设计29　　首先, 通过3/2变换将三相A -B -C 平面坐标系下的电压变换到两相α-β静止坐标系下;

其次, 根据α-β坐标系下的电压判断参考电压矢量U ref 所在的扇区;

再次, 确定了U ref 所在的扇区, 计算U ref 所在扇区的相邻两电压矢量的作用时间。

最后, 已知各个矢量在不同扇区的作用时间, 根据S VP WM 的开关模式, 计算A 、B 、C 三相相应的开关切换点

。

图3　SVPWM 控制仿真模型

根据S VP WM 算法的仿真模型得出S VP WM 三相相电压调制波, 如图4所示。将调制波与一定频率和幅值的三角载波比较, 当与三角载波的值相等时, 得到A 、B 、C 三相电压相应的开关切换点, 控制逆变电路大功率开关管的通断, 改变P WM 波形的状态。由图4可见, S VP WM 相电压调制波呈马鞍形, 从而使S VP WM 方法的直流电压利用率提高, 线性工作范围增大[4]

。

3. 2　回馈控制系统仿真实验

电梯节能能量逆变器仿真模型如图5所示。设三相电压型P WM 逆变电路的直流母线电压为800V, 用S VP WM 方法产生的P WM 波驱动逆变电路工作, 调制比M =1/1. 2, 并将逆变的交流电能回馈三相交流电网。逆变产生的相电压, 线电压波形分别如图6a 、图6b 所示。对逆变产生的线电压过滤后进行FFT 分析, 分析结果如图7、8所示, 图7是逆变产生的线电压, 图8是对线电压进行的FFT 分析。

通过仿真可以看到, 在电梯节能能量回馈系统中采用S VP WM 逆变技术, 调制系数M =1/1. 2, 得到的仿真值接近于理论值, 且输出线电压总谐波失真小于5%, 如表1所示, 符合电网要求。仿真结果说明在电梯节能能量逆变器中采用S VP WM 逆变技术, 能够提高直流电压利用率, 减小逆变电能对电网的冲击。

30河南科技大学学报:自然科学版　　　　　　　　　　　　　2010年

表1　逆变性能分析

调制方式

S VP WM 调制线电压总谐波失真T HD /%4. 90线电压基波幅值/V理论值666. 7线电压直流电压利用率/%理论值83. 34仿真值661. 8仿真值82. 73

4　结论

通过理论分析和仿真, 可以看到以中央处理单元(AVR 单片机) 为控制核心而组成的电梯节能能量回馈系统设计合理, 系统集成度高, 体积小。系统中采用S VP WM 逆变技术, 使系统具有直流电压利用率高, 逆变电能的总谐波失真小的特点。在电梯节能能量逆变中采用S VP WM 技术, 能发挥该技术的优点, 有效提高能量回馈逆变的工作效率。

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1111, 211ZHANG W ei , HUANG J in 2L iang , WANG Shun 2Xing , G U Yong 2Jun , HAN Xiang 2Ju , S UN Lu 　(1.

M aterials Science &Engineering College, Henan U niversity of Science &Technology, L uoyang 471003, China; 2. Institute of M a terials, Shanghai U niversity, Shangha i 200072, China )

Ab s trac t:Textured Sr x Ba 1-x Nb 2O 6(S BN ) cera m ics were fabricated by the te mp lated grain gr owth (TGG ) method . The p lated 2like S BN particles with shape anis otr opy p repared by molten salt method were used as the te mp late particles . The relati ons of sintering te mperature, the te mp late particles content and the m icr ostructure were investigated . The results showed that the textured S BN cera m ics are successfully p repared by tape casting p r ocessing . The texture fracti on increases with the increasing content of the te mp late . The maxi m um texture degree of S BN cera m ics s peci m ens is 57%when sintered at 1375℃f 30%te mp late particles .

Key wo rd s:Str ontiu m barium ni obate cera m ics; Tape casting mp Textured

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a b b a a L IU Hong 2B in , Y U I J , XUE Yu 2Jun , MA W ei 　(a . E lectro m echanical Engineering

College ; b . Henan M ach inery D esign &Trans m ission Syste m , Henan U niversity of Science &Technology, L , China )

Ab s trac t:A theoretical analysis model was devel oped for area contact fricti on pairs with different m icr o 2textures considering cavitati on within the fluid fil m bet w een t w o faces . Numerical si m ulati on method was used t o study the effect of geometric para meters of different m icr o 2textures on the l oad carrying capacity . Results show that the fricti on pairs with r ound aperture di m p les or square gr ooves exhibit the best perf or mance, and the fricti on pairs with the s pheric di m p les or the inclined gr ooves are p r op iti ous t o the p r ocessing of LST . Key wo rd s:Tribol ogy;M icr o 2texture; Fil m lubricating; Nu merical si m ulati on; Loading capacity

CLC num be r:T H117. 2　　　　　Do cum en t co de:A A rtic l e I D :167226871(2010) 0120016204B a lance Mo ti o n a nd P a th Tracking Co n tr o l o f D isk Ro lli ng W itho u t S li p p i ng …………………(20) L IU Yan 2B in, S UN Xiao 2Chao, Z HANG Shu 2Tao 　(E lectro m echanical Eng ineering College, Henan U n iversity of Science &Technology, L uoyang 471003, China )

Ab s trac t:Balance moti on and path tracking contr ol of disk r olling without sli pp ing on the horiz ontal p lane were researched . Nohol onom ic restricti on model of disk r olling without sli pp ing was built . Considering the most easiness of disk posture contr ol, a posture balance conditi on was put for ward . Based on the posture balance conditi on, using Lyapunov ’s stability design theory, angle vel ocity contr ol strategy was acquired . By using Backstepp ing design method, path tracking contr ol strategy on the horizontal p lane was designed . The si m ulati on results revealed that posture balance contr ol strategy is valid, and path tracking contr ol strategy is stable, rap id and p recise .

Key wo rd s:D isk; Rolling without sli pp ing; Path tracking; Posture balance

CLC num be r:T H112　　　　　Do cum en t co de:A A rtic l e I D :167226871(2010) 0120020204D e s ign o f a M echan ica lD ece le ra ti o n a nd I ndexing M echan ism ………………………………(24)

1a 21b 1a 1a WU Zi 2Yue , Y AO Yong 2Yu , MA Yong 2Shou , Z HANG Bo , XU Fang 　(1a . E lectro m echan ical

Engineering College ; 1b . Gear M anufacturing Co . L td . , Henan U niversity of S cience &Technology, L uoyang 471003, China; 2. D epart m ent of M echanica l Engineering, L uoyang Institute of Science &Technology, L uoyang 471023, China )

Ab s trac t:A kind of mechanical decelerati on and indexing mechanis m was designed by using the p rinci p les of p lanetary differential gearshift mechanis m. The working p r ocess and interrelati on a mong every part of the mechanis m were described detailedly . The functi on and integrati on of mechanical decelerati on and indexing in the mechanis m were achieved under the conditi on of using nor mal mot or . This mechanis m has been app lied in s ome machine equi pment successfully such as gear m illing machine and wor m wheel m illing machine, which need t w o kind of moti ons f or decelerati on and indexing .

Key wo rd s:Planetary gearshift mechanis m;Mechanical; I ndexing; Decelerati on

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1121SHEN Rui , Z HANG Zi 2Q iang , DONG Yan , YE L i 　(1. College of Infor m a tion &E lectronic Eng ineering,

・Ⅳ・Journal of Henan University of Science and Technol ogy:Natural Science 2010S hanghai N or m a l U niversity, S hanghai 200234, China; 2. College of E lectronic Engineering, A kesu V oca tional &Technical College, A kesu 843000, China )

Ab s trac t:I n order t o increase the utilizati on rati o of bus bar voltage and reduce the polluti on of feedback energy t o electric net w ork, an energy 2feedback contr ol syste m on elevat or energy 2saving is designed and S VP WM technique is adop ted for the inverter of energy 2feedback . The composing and the operating p rinci p le of elevat or energy 2saving contr ol syste m are analyzed, and then the si m ulati on experi m ent is done on the syste m. The si m ulati on results show that the syste m design is reas onable . W hen S VP WM technique is used in energy 2feedback syste m on elevat or energy 2saving, the utilizati on rati o of bus bar voltage will be increased with l ow t otal har monic dist orti on .

Key wo rd s:Elevat or energy 2saving; Computer si m ulati on; Energy I nverter; S VP WM

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O p tim i za ti o n o f I n jec ti o n Advance Ang l e o f B i o d ie se l/d (31) CHE N Hao, BA I Zhe,WANG J iao,WANG Q i 　(U n X i ’an 710064, China )

Ab s trac t:To get the best injecti m ixed fuel, combusti on and e m ssi on perfor mances of the are . Results indicate that with the delay of injecti on (advance ) , p increase rati o and instantaneous heat release rati o decrease (increase ) and para meters move behind (fr ontly ) . NO x e m issi on decreases (increase ) and the decreaing (range increases with the raise of l oads . S moke e m issi on of m ixed fuel at initial angle is the l owest and the delay or advance of the angle increases s moke e m issi on . Suitable delay (three degrees crank angle ) can effectively contr ol the NO x e m issi on of the m ixed fuel and make engine operate more stably and m ildly when the increase of s moke e m issi on is not large .

Key wo rd s:B i odiesel; D iesel m ixed fuel; Combusti on; Em issi on; I njecti on advance angle

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Ab s trac t:This paper p r oposed an op ti m izati on algorithm f or combining multi p le classifiers based on Bayesian ap r oach and the method t o i m p r ove the threshold . Firstly, these classifiers ’s confidence was computed . Secondly, these classifiers ’s confidence was used as p re 2p r obability, and these p re 2p r obability ’s vect ors were combinated by adding these vect ors . The final out put vect or was obtained . Lastly, the compositive classifier ’s recognizing p recisi on was i m p r oved by threshold op ti m izati on . Experi m ental data showed that this arithmetic has si m p le, fast and high classificati on accuracy .

Key wo rd s:Bayesian net w ork;Multi p le classifiers; Threshold; Anti 2s pa m.

CLC num be r:TP181　　　　　Do cum e n t co de:A A rtic l e I D :167226871(2010) 0120034204P e rfo rm ance o f Sp he re D eco d i ng f o r NO S TBC S ys tem ………………………………………(38) L IU W ei, SHAO Zhu 2Lei 　(E lectronic Infor m ation Engineering College, Henan U niversity of S cience &Technology, L uoyang 471003, China )

Ab s trac t:A l ow comp lexity S D algorithm f or NOST BC of M I M O syste m over wireless fading channel is p resented . Compared with the ML algorithm , the S D algorith m has l ower comp lexity and better perf or mance . I n order t o reduce the calculati on comp lexity of searching signal s pace, the sche me of dyna m ically adjusting the search radius is adop ted in S D algorith m. The si m ulati on results de monstrate that the perf or mance of the l ow comp lexity S D f or NOST BC is comparable with that ofML algorith m.

Key wo rd s:MI M O syste m; NOST BC; Sphere decoding;ML decoding

CLC num be r:T N911. 22　　　　　Do cum e n t co de:A A rtic l e I D :167226871(2010) 0120038204Im p r o ved ID3A lgo rithm B a sed o n A ttribu te D ep endence o f Ro ugh S e ts Theo ry …………(42)

112T AO Rong , ZHANG Yong 2Sheng , DU Hong 2Bao 　(1. D epart m ent of Co m puter &Infor m a tion, L uoyang Institute of Science &Technology, L uoyang 471023, China; 2. Politics &Society College, Henan U niversity of S cience &Technology, L uoyang 471003, China )

Ab s trac t:The algorithm of decisi on tree is an i m portant method of data m ining, and I D 3is one of the most influential decisi on tree generati on algorithm. The related concep ts of r ough sets theory and the basic p rinci p les