农业.畜牧业和食品工业中的科技

农业、畜牧业和食品工业中的科技

1. 1978年以来，中国的农业技术得到了很大的改善。中国引进了高产农作物，增加了农用化学品（肥料，杀虫剂）和农业机械的用量，扩大了灌溉面积。农村地区的耗电量（它可视为技术现代化的标志）增加了6倍多。食品工业也引进了新技术，用于食品的贮藏、加工、保鲜和分配，减少了收获后的损失。然而，在农业方面，进一步实现技术现代化还有着巨大的潜力。

China has significantly improved its agricultural technology since 1978. The country has introduced high-yield crops, increased its use of agro-chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) and agricultural machinery, and expanded irrigation. Rural electricity consumption, which can be seen as an indicator of technological modernization, has increased more than six fold. The food industry has also introduced new technologies for food storage, processing, preservation, and distribution that have reduced post-harvest losses. However, there is still a great potential for further technological modernization in this sector.

2. 近年来，对于分子生物学、植物遗传学、生物化学以及相关领域的前沿研究，中国政府给予了高度的优先权，这样能够增加农作物和牲畜产量。

In recent years the Chinese government has also given high priority to advanced research in molecular biology, plant genetics, biotechnology, and related fields, which is aimed at increasing crop yielding and livestock productivity.

3. 未来的几十年，科技肯定是中国食品保障的重要因素之一。中国人口必然增长，经济会持续发展，而在庄稼用地和水资源方面受到严重制约，因此，除了实现农业现代化，别无它法。

Science and technology will certainly be among the key factors in China’s food secutiry during the next few decades with China’s inevitable population growth, its likely economic development, and its serious constraints in cropland and water, the country has no other choice than to modernize its agricultural sector.

4. 过去20年里，如果没有农业技术的现代化，中国不可能解决现在13亿人口的吃饭问题。尤其是推广了高产水稻，扩大了灌溉面积，大大增加了（氮）化肥和杀虫剂的用量，使得农作物产量大幅度提高。

Without the modernization of agricultural technology of the past two decades, China would not be able to feed its current population of 1.3 billion. In particular, the introduction of high-yield rice in combination with expanded irrigation and a massive increase in the use of (nitrogen) fertilizers and pesticides has significantly improved crop yields.

5．中国的“绿色革命”，同20世纪70年代末的经济改革（它采用了家庭联产承包责任制）一起，大大提高了食品供给量。

In combination with the economic reforms of the late 1970s that re-introduced family farming, China’s “Green Revolution” has led to the spectacular increase in food production.

6. 如果用中国农村的耗电量作为农业技术全面现代化的标志，我们认为，20世纪70年代以来，农业取得了巨大的进步。耗电量从1978年的253亿千瓦时增加到了1997年的1980亿千瓦时。农村地区水电站的发电量增加了一倍多，从23亿千瓦时增加到了56亿千瓦时。 If we use consumption of electricity in rural areas of Chins as an indicator of overall technological modernization in agriculture, we can assume that great progress has been made since the late 1970s. The electricity consumption increased from 25.3 billion KWH in 1978 to 198 billion KWH in 1997. The generating capacity of hydropower stations in rural areas more than doubled, from 2.3 to 5.6 billion KWH.

7. 尽管中国改善了收获后的各种环节，但提高效率却还有巨大的潜力。虫害、加工不当、贮藏或运输过程中浪费，这些方面造成的收获后损失可能达到5%-10%，有时甚至更高。 China has certainly improved its post-harvest processes, but there is still a huge potential for increasing efficiency. Post-harvest losses of (food) crops due to pests, improper treatment, and storage or transportation waste can be in the order of 5%-10%, sometimes even higher.

8. 尽管汽车和火车的运输能力已大幅度提升，但还是不够。引进食品保鲜、包装、贮藏和分配的高效方法，这些方面中国还有很长的路要走。

Although the transportation capacity by truck and train has been upgraded significantly, it is still inadequate. China’s food industry and retail market have a long way to go in introducing efficient methods of food preservation, packaging, storage, and distribution.

9. 城市消费者数量不断增长，供货渠道正在扩展、改善，从中国大城市里的新超级市场和购物中心越来越多，可以看出这一点。这包括推广与顾客有关的技术，如越来越广地使用家用电冰箱。

The supply channels for the growing number of urban consumers are currently expanding and improving, as can be seen by the growing number of new supermarkets and shopping centers in China’s major cities. This includes promotion of consumer-related technologies, such as a more widespread introduction of household refrigerators.

10．尽管1978年以来，中国在谷物产量方面取得了巨大的进步，但1994年，还是成了谷物进口国。中国科学院预计，到2020年，中国的谷物“赤字”将增至5000万吨。鉴于政府承诺国家食品自给自足，于是政府加快了支持农业相关研究的步伐。

Despite enormous progress in grain production since 1978, China became a net-importer of grain in 1994. The Chinese Academy of Sciences predicted that the grain deficit would increase to 50 million tons by 2020. In light of the government’s strong commitment to national food self-sufficiency, government support for agriculture-related research was stepped up.

11. 1996年，中国政府宣布了一个五年计划，拨款100亿支持促进经济发展的研究。其中三分之一的基金项目跟农业现代化挂钩，包括研究高产农作物，集约耕作，改良杀虫剂和化肥。 In 1996 the Chinese government announced a five-year, 10 billion yuan program of support for research to promote economic development. One-third of the funded projects dealt with the modernization of agriculture, including research into high-yield crops, intensive farming, and improved pesticides and fertilizers.

12. 比起其他发展中国家，中国的更早的意识到生物技术对于以后食品保障的重要性。1995年，《科学》杂志用一个专栏分析了中国的科学研究，标题为：“阔步向前”，概述了中国在农业和食品工业研究方面所取得的巨大进步。例如，早在20世纪80年代中期，就启动了一个大型国家生物技术项目。中国的研究中心从那时起就开始研究先进的生物技术，如合成DNA技术。

Before many other developing countries, China’s government officials have understood the importance of biotechnology for its future food security. In 1995, Science magazine devoted a special section to an analysis of scientific research in China, entitled “The Great Leap Forward”. It outlined the great advance China made in agriculture- and food-related basic research. For instance, a major national biotechnology program was initiated as early as the mid-1980s, Chinese research centers since then have begun to develop advanced biotechnological tools, such as recombinant DNA technology.

13. 如今，在运用农业生物技术方面，中国是最重要的几个国家之一。洛克菲勒基金会水稻技术项目的负责人认为：“显然，在水稻培育中使用遗传技术，中国领先世界。”

Today, China is one of the leading countries in agricultural biotechnology. According to a director of the rice biotechnology program at Rocketfeller Foundation, “China is clearly the most advanced country in the world in terms of using genetic markers and tools in rice breeding.”