为什么唐代要实行和亲政策

为什么唐代要实行和亲政策？

前言

唐朝初期周边少数民族的势力都很强大，尤其是北方的突厥，他们时常南下进攻中原。这迫使唐王朝不得不采取有效的措施给予应对，和亲是一个有效的办法，虽然在今天看来已经是一种陈旧的过时的民族政策，然而在中国古代封建社会却是维系民族友好关系的一种很好的办法，也被不同朝代的君王所采用。然而到了唐朝，特别是到李世民时期，经济政治快速发展，国力强大，唐朝还与北边的突厥实行和亲政策，这不得不让我们思考。

一、唐朝实行和亲政策的缘由

唐朝是我国历史上各民族之间的友好关系加强的时期，也是我国统一的多民族的封建国家的重要发展阶段，当时在我国境内的少数民族主要有北方的突厥；西南的吐蕃、南绍；西域的吐谷浑、回纥等。唐朝前期势力较强大，与唐朝有较大联系的主要有吐蕃、吐谷浑、突厥等民族。然而，在李唐王朝统治的近三百年中，从总的方面而言，政治清明，社会稳定，经济、文化繁荣昌盛，军事强大。如此强大的中原王朝为何在北方还采用和亲政策呢？那我们就以唐朝与突厥的和亲来进行分析。

1.从突厥方面来看

突厥为铁勒族的一支.铁勒在先秦即战国秦汉时期的丁零,魏晋南北朝时期的敕勒。敕勒隋唐时称为铁勒。据《隋书》卷84《铁勒传》记载，铁勒在隋代已经发展为一个庞大的族系。它包含很多分支，分散驻牧于大漠南北，东起今贝加尔湖，西至中亚的辽阔地区。各部名称不一，共四十一部，“虽姓氏各别，总谓为铁勒。”可是在这四十一部中，突厥一支《随书》却未列入。其所以未被列入，当为因唐代撰写《隋书》⑩时，突厥业已兴起并建立了强大的突厥政权，铁勒各部全被征服，“分属东西突厥，沦为突厥的附庸。”【６】

突厥之名最早见于唐朝人令狐德棻等撰写的《周书》卷27《宇文测传》。此传载西魏大统八年以前(公元542年),突厥每岁于河水结冰后，即侵掠西魏北边，由此可见突厥的兴起应当在6世纪中叶。

隋末唐初，始毕可汗部众渐盛，力量开始强大起来。隋朝大臣裴矩患、其难制、献策分其势，始毕闻之，渐感厌恨，随后裴矩又诱杀始毕的宠臣史蜀胡悉，始毕由是怒。公元615年（隋炀帝大业十一年）八月，始毕率领数十万骑围攻隋炀帝于雁门（今山西代县），并攻占周围县城四十一座。隋炀帝大惧，急招天下各郡兵马勤王（即救援），而义成公主又暗中设法救助，遣使佯告始毕“北边有急”，始毕逐解围而去。【７】

隋末，由于隋炀帝的统治暴虐，激起了农民大起义，隋炀帝被杀，各地地方势力

乘时并起，一时出现群雄割据的局面。而这些地方割据势力，例如刘武周、梁师都、李轨等，为了争取援助，都极力与突厥统治者勾结，有的甚至向突厥可汗称臣。当时隋朝太原留守（官号）李渊亦在太原起兵（时在公元617年夏秋之间），为了“资其士马以益兵势”，曾亲自为书，卑辞厚礼，遣使至突厥请兵，且与始毕约：“若入长安，民众土地入唐公，金玉缯帛归突厥。”始毕大喜，遣使还报，允为发兵助渊入关。【８】

公元618年5月，李渊受隋恭帝禅位，建立唐王朝，是为唐高祖，仍都长安。始毕可汗遣骨咄禄特勒入唐，高祖李渊宴之于太极殿，奏九部乐。高祖以初起时曾借助突厥兵马，故对始毕前后赐赠不可胜纪。而突厥统治者恃功骄傲，使者每至长安，多为横暴，高祖以中原未定，曲为优容。时突厥强盛，东自契丹、室韦，西尽吐谷浑、高昌，皆被臣服。史书上说它“控弦百余万，北狄之盛，未之有也”。【９】

公元620年（唐武德三年）十一月，始毕弟吉利可汗继位，其时突厥士马雄壮，欲图中原，以报隋文帝厚待其父（启民可汗）之德。于是在公元621—626年（武德四年至九年）之间，出动各部兵马，不断入侵唐境，烽火不断遍及今之山西、河北、陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、四川、河南八省。入侵兵力有时一次竟多达十余万骑。骑兵所到之处，杀缪吏民，虏掠人口，劫夺财物，中原人民受害不浅。【１０】

从以上可以看出，突厥在唐初时力量就非常强大，并且也和西汉时的匈奴一样经常对汉王朝的北边进行骚扰。那么，面对如此强大的突厥，唐朝将采取什么措施对付呢?

2.从唐朝方面来看

唐朝特别是到唐太宗时期，政治清明，经济快速发展，社会安定，国力逐渐强大。在这种状况下，面对北方的突厥，就唐太宗个人而言，就认为“自古皆贵中华，贱夷狄，朕独爱之如一，故其种族皆依朕如父母。”【１１】这就说明了唐太宗对少数民族的看法和指导思想是“爱之如一”，而不是“贵中华，贱夷狄”。唐太宗在这一思想的指导下，对北方少数民族采取了融合的民族政策，在这其中也包括了和亲政策。

唐王朝之所以采用和亲政策，是对前代民族政策中积极的方面进行吸收。在唐以前的多次民族大融合，如北魏孝文帝拓跋宏的改革加速了北方各少数民族的汉化和封建化，促进了以汉族为主体的民族大融合。唐朝作为一个大的国家，在处理与周边民族的关系中，必定会吸取历代民族政策中的积极方面，而和亲政策就派上用场。

通过和亲与少数民族结成军事同盟，从而可以达到孤立并且消灭强大的少数民族。比如唐

太宗为了消灭东突厥，唐王朝就孤立东突厥，对尚未臣服自己的少数民族采取了和亲政策，如西突厥向唐求婚，“高祖遂许之婚”。于是在公元630年唐就灭了东突厥。灭了东突厥后，唐朝把目光转向西域，但是遭到西突厥的阻截，唐同西突厥的矛盾尖锐起来，于是和亲又成了联合周围民族，消灭西突厥的工具。

从以上可以看出，汉唐和亲政策的实施有其历史的必然性。而汉唐和亲政策的大量史实是我们研究这一政策的基础。西汉之所以和匈奴和亲，是因为当时汉王朝军事实力比较弱小而采取的一种权宜之计，目的是通过和亲来换取北方的安宁和自身的发展，为之后的文景之治奠定了基础。那么唐朝的和亲又是为什么呢，他与西汉有什么不同呢？

唐王朝通过与少数民族的和亲,目的就是为了达到分化、瓦解、削弱、控制少数民族的政权。那么对少数民族统治者来说又达到什么样的目的呢？这也就是唐朝时期的和亲与西汉的和亲还有一个完全明显的区别，那就是西汉的和亲是被迫的求婚，比如:汉匈和亲。匈奴族通过和亲政策，可以从中原王朝获得他们想要的一切。而汉王朝都是因为自身国力弱小，无法与少数民族政权抗衡。唐朝时期尤其是唐太宗贞观时期，唐政府国力强盛，兵强马壮，有能力与强大少数民族政权抗衡。且有能力保护弱小民族政权免受周边强大政权的吞食。因此，这一时期的和亲完全是少数民族首领向唐王朝的求婚。

总的来说，唐朝与突厥之间的和亲，是唐朝上层建筑与少数民族首领之间为了达到一定的目的而实施的，换句话说，就是“为我所用”。

二、唐朝实行和亲政策的作用和影响

对于和亲政策，如果我们再深入分析一下，不难发现，中原王朝与少数民族之间的和亲也必定引起少数民族之间的和亲。这就必然带来客观上连统治者都未曾想到的影响。如在经济生活、生活方式、政治制度、心理素质、语言、民族融合等方面，形成了全方位的、逐步的演变。唐朝与少数民族的通婚，也无疑加快了血统的融合。这种血统的混合由统治者开始，影响到双方的官吏、军人、商人、百姓，这种血液的融合，对消除民族隔阂和偏见起到了积极的作用。

首先，从政治方面而言。和亲缓和了矛盾，稳定了局势，有利于争取与国，缔结盟约。

实行和亲政策可以缓解双方尖锐的民族矛盾，同时也使中央王朝达到了直接或间接控制的疆域。在唐与突厥的关系中，唐王朝为了消灭东突厥，扩大自己的疆域，就竭力和西突厥和亲，从而形成强大的军事集团，最终消灭东突厥。并将其地方政权实行羁縻统治，逐步加强

对其控制，最终将其完全纳入自己的统治范围之内。

其次，从经济方面而言。和亲促进了双方经济文化的交流和发展。

和亲具有鲜明的政治色彩，但又是以经济为基础的。随着和亲，中原都要赠以大批财物，如金银、锦帛、铜铁、工具等，不仅种类增多，而且数量也不断增加，同时，公主陪嫁财物无数，有大量丝织品、金银、铜铁器等。随嫁奴仆众多，各类能工巧匠为少数民族地区的手工业，农业发展做出了巨大的贡献。如史记载：“岁贡匈奴絮、缯、朱、食各有数”。【１３】除此之外，还互通关市，从互市的经济贸易之中，中原地区获得大量民族特产，如马匹、中药材、等，可以说为中原经济注入了新的活力。互通关市对少数民族地区的影响特别重大，少数民族可从互市及赐赠中获得大量财物。有的流入生产和生活领域，为各民族创造了无与伦比的巨额财富，提高了人们的总体生活水平，从而缩小中原与边疆地区的差异。总之，通过和亲政策，对少数民族的发展起着不可低估的作用。

再次，从文化方面来看，和亲政策促进了民族间文化的交流与发展，有利于民族融合，共同创造灿烂辉煌的中华文化。

和亲公主外嫁边疆，往往带去了大量的财富，但是更重要的是带去了大量的书籍，先进技术，中原文化等如音乐、诗歌、绘画等等，中央政府照例每年都会赠送财物，派遣大批能工巧匠进入和亲对方统治区域。主要是达到威播四夷的目的，这大大促进了边疆地区文化的发展，加强了双方之间的文化交流和联系。

除此之外，和亲还有一个作用那就是促进了少数民族的汉化及各民族间的融合。一个民族的上层，对这个民族的生活各方面都会发生很大的影响，上层的联姻也必然引起劳动人民之间的联姻。比如突厥处罗可汗次子阿史那社尔被西突厥打败后，于贞观九年(公元635年)率众跑到长安，归属唐朝。次年，唐太宗把唐高祖的女儿衡阳公主嫁给阿史那社尔，还授他驸马都尉之职，在苑内屯兵。阿史那社尔率众归唐，与中原人民杂居，必然会通婚，使之融入了中华民族这个大家庭当中，逐渐与汉人生活方式相差无异，说明了和亲有利于民族融合，促进少数民族汉化。

三、结论

从主观上来说，唐朝的和亲政策是上层建筑之间为了达到一定的政治目的而实施的，与突厥等少数民族的和亲就是为了到分化、瓦解、从而控制他们的政权。但从客观上来讲，唐朝的和亲政策也深深地影响了周边少数民族地区的发展，加快了少数民族的封建化进程，也为中国成为统一的多民族国家奠定了基础。

Why Tang Dynasty Implemented the Peace-makin

g Marriage Policy?

Introduction

At the beginning of Tang Dynasty, both Tang and other ethnic minorities around had strong powers, especially the northern Turkistan, who often attacked the Central Plains in the south. As a result, Tang Dynasty had no choice but to take effective countermeasures, among which peace-making marriage was an efficient policy. Although the policy may seem to be an old and dated policy towards nationalities, it was truly a good method for maintaining national relations in the feudal society of ancient China, which was also adopted by many kings in history. However, by Tang Dynasty, especially the period of Li Shimin, both economy and politics were developed rapidly, while the whole nation had already become a super-power. Even though, Tang Dynasty still continued to use the peace-making marriage policy with the northern Turkistan. We cannot but to reflect deeply on it.

I. Reasons for Tang Dynasty’s Implementation of Peace-making Marriage Policy

In the period of Tang Dynasty, the good relationship among different nationalities in China was greatly strengthened, and the unified multi-ethnic feudal country of China also entered into a new development stage. During that period, the ethnic minorities in China mainly consisted of Tubo and Nanshao in southwest, Tuyuhun and Uighur in the Western Regions, etc. In the earlier stage of Tang Dynasty, Tang was quite strong and the ethnic minorities that had close relationship with Tang included Tubo, Tuyuhun, Turkistan, etc. However, general speaking, all through the almost 300 years’ Tang Dynasty, political affairs were honest and upright, the society was stable, the economy and culture were both flourishing, while its military forces were strong as well. Why shall such a powerful kingdom in Central Plains still implement the peace-making marriage policy in the north? In the following, we will make analysis on the peace-making marriage policy between Tang Dynasty and Turkistan.

1. Analysis on Turkistan

Turkistan was in fact a branch of the Tiele tribe, which was also called Dingling in Qin-han and the Warring States period, as well as Chile in the Wei, Chin and the South & North Dynasties. In Sui and Tang Dynasty, Chile was called as Tiele. As was recorded by Tiele Biography in volume 84 of Book of Sui, Tiele had already developed to be a huge tribe in Sui Dunasty, consisting of many branches, scattered in the south and north of the Great Desert from the present Baikal lake in the east to the vast regions of middle Asia in the west. Although there were totally 41 branches and different branches had different names, they had “the same title of Tiele”. However, according to Book of Sui, Turkistan was not included in the 41 branches. The reason was that, by the time Tang Dynasty was compiling Book of Sui⑩, Turkistan had already established the solid Turkistan regime and all branches of Tiele had been conquered, “separately belo

nging to East and West Turkistan as dependencies”. [6]

The name Turkistan was first seen in Yuwen Ce’s Biography in volume 27 of Book of Zhou wrote by Linghu Defen in Tang Dynasty. According to records in the biography, before the 8th Datong Year of the Western Wei Dynasty, Turkistan used to invade the northern part of Western Wei when the rivers were frozen. Thus, it can be seen, the rise of Turkistan can be dated back to the middle 6th century.

In the years between Sui and Tang Dynasty, the Shibi Khan tribe gradually grew strong to with huge powers. The minister of Sui Dynasty named Pei Ju felt anxious that the tribe might cause trouble to the domination of Sui Dynasty, so he proposed the suggestion to partition its power into small groups. When Shibi Khan heard about this message, he felt very indignant. Moreover, Pei Jun even trapped and killed Shibi Khan’s favorite minister Shishu Huxia. Consequently, Shibi exploded with lyric wrath. In the August of 615 (the 11th Daye Year of Emperor Yang of Sui), Shibi lead one hundred thousand cavalrymen and besieged Emperor Yang of Sui at Yanmen (present Dai county of Shanxi province). He also seized 41 other counties around Yanmen. Emperor Yang of Sui became rather frightened, so he urgently called all military forces in his country to help and protect himself. On the other hand, Yicheng Princess was also thinking of ways to rescue Emperor Yang of Sui. She sent a messenger to cheat to Shibi that, there was emergency affairs in the north. For this reason, Shibi abandoned the siege and left away. [7]

In the last years of Sui Dynasty, because of the tyrannical government of Emperor Yang, peasants raised revolt against the emperor and Emperor Yang of Sui was killed as a result. Soon afterwards, different forces all over China seized the opportunity and established their own regime, which form a period with lots of warlords. After that, in order to win assistances, these local separatist forces, such as Liu Wuzhou, Liang Shidu, Li Gui, etc., began to make an utmost effort to collude with Turkistan governors. Some of them even submitted to Turkistan Khan. At the same time (around the summer and autumn of 617), the Taiyuan Prefecture Chief (Officer Grade) Li Yuan of Sui Dynasty also revolted in Taiyuan. In order to expand soldiers and horses to strengthen his forces, he personally wrote a letter and prepared lavish gifts and sent his ambassador with these stuffs to Turkistan with the aim of calling for help. In addition, he made an agreement with Shibi: “If Shibi help him successfully seize Chang’an, all population and lands that acquired are under the disposal of Li Yuan, while all material wealth will be given to material wealth.” Shibi was quite satisfied with the agreement, so he sent the ambassador back to promise Li Yuan that he was sure to dispatch troops to help him in seizing Chang’an city. [8]

In the May of 618, Li Yuan took the position as Emperor from E

mperor Gong of Sui and established Tang Dynasty. Li Yuan was just the so-called Emperor Gaozu of Tang, he still chose Chang’an as the capital. Then Shibi Khan dispatched Guduolu Tele to visit Tang Dynasty. To express friendship, Gaozu Li Yuan invited him to the banquet at Taiji Palace, as well as playing the 9-chapter music to entertain him. Because of the reason that Gaosu had before received the military help from Turkistan, so totally, all gifts that given to Shibi were countless. However, relying on the contributions, Turkistan governors were often violent when they came to Chang’an, while Gauzu endured their behaviors with the reason that the Central Plains were still unstable. In fact, at that time, Turkistan was quite strong, for it had dominated large areas including Qidan and Shiwei in the east, as well as Tuyuhun and Gaochang in the west. According to related historical records, “it has millions of soldiers, which had never be seen since the prosperity of Beidi”. [9]

In the November of 620 (the 3rd year of Emperor Wude of Tang), Shibi’s brother Jili Khan succeeded to the throne. During that time, Turkistan had powerful military forces, so they planned to seized the Central Plains, so as to pay back the kindness that Emperor Wen of Sui treated his father (Qimin Khan) well. Soon afterwards, in the years between 621 and 626 (from the 4th to the 9th Wude year), Turkistan dispatched all its military forces to invade repeatedly the lands of Tang Dynasty, with flames of war spread over the present Shanxi, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Henan, totally eight provinces. The quantity of cavalry could be up to over one hundred thousand in one attack. Wherever these cavalrymen had reached, civilians were killed, labor forces were pillage and properties were robbed away as well. All the people in the Central Plains suffered a lot from them. [10]

From the above information, we can see that, as early as in the beginning of Tang Dynasty, Turkistan had already become quite powerful, just similar to Xiongnu in the period of the Western Han Dynasty that harassed repeatedly in the north of Han Dynasty. In that way, facing such powerful Turkistan, what shall Tang Dynasty do to cope with the issues?

2. Analysis on Tang Dynasty

In the period of Tang Dynasty, especially in the period of Emperor Taizong of Tang, the politics was honest and upright, the economy was under rapid development, and the national strength was growing stronger and stronger. Under such circumstances, facing the Turkistan in the north, in the personal opinion of Emperor Taizong of Tang, he considered that “From time immemorial, the people in the Central Regions were always regarded to be superior, while ethnic minorities were thought to be wild and barbaric. However, as long as I treat them equally, they are sure to submit to me.” [11] The words indicated that the thoughts and views of Emperor Taizong of Tang on ethnic minorities

“impartial and equal”, but not “looking down upon them”. Based on the thought, Emperor Taizong of Tang adopted the Ethnic Fusion Policy, including peace-making marriage policy, to ethnic minorities in the north.

The reason why Tang Dynasty adopted the peace-making marriage policy, profited from the absorption of positive ethnic policies of previous dynasties. Before Tang Dynasty, there were many ethnic fusions, such as the reformation of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei that promoted the feudalization of northern ethnic minorities, as well as their fusion with Han Dynasty. As a large country, it was inevitable that Tang Dynasty would absorb the positive aspects in the policies towards nationalities of previous dynasties. As for this, the peace-making marriage policy was hereby brought into play.

Through the peace-making marriage policy, a military alliance could be established together with ethnic minorities, so as to isolate and eliminate more powerful ethnic minorities. For example, in order to eradicate East Turkistan, Emperor Taizong of Tang firstly isolated East Turkistan, and then implemented the peace-making marriage policy among the ethnic minorities that had not yet submitted. For instance, when Khan of West Turkistan made an offer of marriage to Tang Dynasty, “Gaosu approved soon afterwards”. Based on the measures, in the year of 630, Tang Dynasty exterminated East Turkistan. After exterminating East Turkistan, Tang Dynasty converted its eyes onto the Western Regions, but encountered fierce interceptions from West Turkistan, which sharpened the contradictions between Tang and West Turkistan. Hence, the peace-making marriage policy then become a tool to unit other ethnic groups around to eliminate West Turkistan.

From the above mentioned, we can see that, the implementation of the peace-making marriage policy in Han and Tang Dynasty had its historical inevitability, the vast amount of historical facts concerning the peace-making marriage policy of Han and Tang Dynasty provides a foundation for use to study this policy. Western Han’s implementation of peace-making marriage policy with Xiongnu derived from the situation that the military forces of Han Dynasty was weak at that time, while peace-making marriage was an expedient policy for Han Dynasty to exchange peace-making marriage for peace and development, which laid a solid foundation for the future Rule of Wen and Jing. If so, what the reason for Tang Dynasty’s peace-making marriage policy and what’s the difference between them?

The aim of Tang Dynasty’s peace-making marriage with ethnic minorities was to detach, disrupt, weaken and control over the regime of ethnic minorities. Then, what’s ethnic minorities’ aim in peace-making marriage? In fact, there was a complete and obvious difference in the peace-making marriage policy between Tang Dynasty and Western Han Dynasty, that is the policy of Western Han was compelled, for example, i

n the peace-making marriage between Han and Xiongnu, Xiongnu could get almost everything they want from the Kingdom of the Central Plains, while Han could not even contend with ethnic minorities at all, because of its weak powers. In Tang Dynasty, especially in the Zhenguan Period of Emperor Taizong of Tang, Tang Dynasty had strong national power and elite military forces to contend against the powerful regime of ethnic minorities. In addition, it also had the power to protect weak ethnic minorities from being invaded by stronger regimes. Thus, the peace-making marriage in this period was completed requested from leaders of ethnic minorities to the Tang Dynasty.

Generally speaking, the peace-making marriage between Tang Dynasty and Turkistan was adopted between the superstructure of Tang Dynasty and the leaders of ethnic minorities with the aim to achieve some common goals, in other words, “mutual benefits”.

II. Function and Effect of Tang Dynasty’s Peace-making Marriage Policy

As for the peace-making marriage policy, if we analyze it deeply, it is not hard for us to discover that, the peace-making marriage between the Kingdom in the Central Plains would inevitably give rise to the peace-making marriage among ethnic minorities, which would bring some effects that even governor might not be able to think about, such as the overall and progressively evolution in economic life, life style, political system, psychological diathesis, language, ethnic fusion, as well as many other aspects. It was sure that the intermarriage between Tang Dynasty and ethnic minorities promoted the fusion of blood lineage, which started with governors and then spread to officers, soldiers, merchants and civilians of both parties. Such fusion of blood lineage had played an active role in eliminating national estrangement and prejudice.

Firstly, in the aspect of politics, the peace-making marriage policy alleviated contradictions, stabled situations and was beneficial in alliance establishment.

The peace-making marriage policy could help to alleviate the fierce contradictions between two parties, in which way, the central dynasty may also make it all assessable both directly and in directly to all territories. In the relationship between Tang and Turkistan, in order to eliminate East Turkistan, so as to expand its won territories, Tang Dynasty had made an utmost effort to implement the peace-making marriage policy on West Turkistan, so as to establish a powerful military group and eventually to exterminate East Turkistan. After that, Tang Dynasty implemented the comfort measures over local regimes and then gradually strengthened its controlling over them. Eventually, all local regimes were brought under its domination.

Secondly, in the in the aspect of economics, the peace-making marriage policy promoted economic and cultural communication and exchange between two parties.

The peace-making marriage policy was con

ferred with obvious political colors, while it was in fact based on economy. Along with the peace-making marriage policy, the Central Regions should have to give out large quantities of properties, such as gold, silver, silk, copper, iron, tools, etc. Apart from types, the quantity was increasing continuously as well. At the meantime, princesses also had plenty of dowries, including vast amount of silk products, gold and silver, copper and iron products, etc. Along with the dowries, there were also servant of skilled workers, who had made great contributions to the development of handicraft industry and agriculture in minority nationality regions. As was recorded in history, “large quantities of wadding, silk fabrics, vermilion and grains are granted to Xiongnu”. [13] Besides, they also opened market for mutual commercial and economic trades, from which, the people in the Central Plains acquires plenty of special local products from ethnic minority regions, such as horses, medicinal herbs, etc., injecting new energy to the Central Plains. The mutual opening up of new markets had a great impact on ethnic minorities, from which, the ethnic minorities were able to gain much wealth and properties. Some of them flew into the fields of life and production, creating incomparable wealth for all ethnic groups, as well as improving people’s living standard and minimizing the gap between the Central Plains and border areas. In short, the peace-making marriage policy had played an important role in the development of ethnic minorities, which can never be underestimated.

Thirdly, in the aspect of culture, the peace-making marriage policy stimulated the cultural exchange and development among ethnic groups, which is beneficial for ethnic fusion, as well as the creation of the splendid Chinese culture.

The princesses, who married out to border areas, usually took a lot of wealth along with them. However, the most important things that they took with them were large amount of books, advanced techniques, as well as music, poem and drawings in the Central Plains. As a rule, the central government would also give wealth and properties, as well as dispatch many batched of skilled workers to the regions of peach-making marriage, with the main aim of propagandize the authority to all other places. This had greatly promoted the development of border areas, and strengthened the cultural exchange and relationship between the two parties.

Besides the information mentioned above, another role of peace-making marriage policy was to stimulate the Hanization of ethnic minorities, as well as the fusion among different ethnic groups. The upper level of an ethnic group had an important impact on every living aspect of this ethnic group. Similarly, the intermarriage of upper level would also give rise to the intermarriage among labor civilians. For example, when the second son of Chuluo Khan of Turkistan named Ashina was defeated by West Turkistan, h

e lead his people to Chang’an in the 9th Zhenguan Year (the year of 635) and submitted to Tang Dynasty. In the ensuing year, Emperor Taizong of Tang married Tang Gaosu’s daughter Hengyang Princess to Ashina, as well as conferred him the post of Commandant of Emperor’s Son in Law to lead military forces in Yuannei. Ashina’s leading his people to submit to the Tang Dynasty was bound to inhabit mixed with the people in the Central Plains. As for this, intermarriage was inevitable, helping them blend into the huge family of China. Gradually, their living styles would become similar to the people of Han, which indicated that, the peace-making marriage policy was beneficial for ethnic fusion, as well as promoting the Hanization of ethnic minorities.

III. Conclusion

Subjectively speaking, the peace-making marriage policy of Tang Dynasty was implemented by the superstructure with the aim of achieving certain political goals. Its peace-making marriage policy towards Turkistan, as well as other regimes of ethnic minorities, was just to partition, collapse, and then control their regime. Objectively speaking, the peace-making marriage policy of Tang Dynasty also deeply influenced the development of minority nationality regions, speeding up their progress of feudalization, as well as laying solid foundation for China’s becoming a unified multi-ethnic country.

唐朝21位和亲公主为何挡不住胡马度阴山？

(2010-07-28 08:10:28)转载▼

标签： 文化 人文/历史 朝花夕拾 大唐王朝 公主和亲 赔了公主 又折兵 文成公主 分类： 朝花夕拾

·电视连续剧新《文成公主》中文成公主和亲的精彩剧照。

“秦时明月汉时关，万里长征人未还。但使龙城飞将在，不教胡马度阴山。”这是唐朝大诗人王昌龄笔下的《出塞》诗。意思就是说，依旧是秦汉时的明月和秦汉时的边关，征战长久延续，万里征夫还未回还。倘若攻袭龙城的卫青和飞将军李广现在依旧健在，绝不会让胡人的兵马南下度过阴山。缺少“龙城飞将”的唐朝军队没有挡住“胡马度阴山”，而唐朝采用的和亲政策将二十一位公主送进了胡人君主的营帐，但是也没有挡住“胡马度阴山”的虎狼之师。

唐朝开国初年，来自西北的突厥、吐蕃、回纥、契丹等民族异军突起，时常派出兵马度过阴山入侵唐朝的边境。唐朝经常调派大军连年征战边关，以致唐朝的边境狼烟四起，黎民百姓不堪其扰。于是，唐太宗李世民便采用公主和亲的方式以图解决边境上的战争。

纵观中国历史，和亲是一种经常发生的现象。据史书记载，早在公元前周襄王时期，就有了和亲的方式了。当时，周襄王欲伐郑，故娶狄女为王后，与戎狄兵共伐郑。这是历史上最早出现的和亲事件，此后，和亲作为一种政治手段

，在唐朝之前就已经层出不穷，譬如汉朝的“昭君出塞”就是一个经典案例。而到了盛世唐朝，则把这种和亲政策演绎得更加淋漓尽致。

大唐王朝的和亲政策为何结果是“赔了公主又折兵”？

唐朝最著名的和亲公主大概要数文成公主。文成公主名李雁儿，系唐太宗的远房宗室女。史书中称她聪慧美丽，知书达礼。文成公主成为和亲公主颇具戏剧性。公元638年，青藏高原上的吐蕃国王松赞干布，听说邻国吐谷浑国王诺曷钵向唐朝求婚，他也不甘落后，马上派使节携贵重礼物到唐朝求婚。没想到唐太宗许嫁了弘化公主给诺曷钵，却回绝了松赞干布的求婚。松赞干布非常愤怒，致书给唐太宗：“如果不同意把公主嫁给我，我将亲率五万大军，攻占唐国，杀死你，夺取公主。”为此，双方真的在边界发生了一场战争，以吐蕃失败告终。

松赞干布领教了唐朝的强大之后，主动派使者谢罪求和。唐朝大约也觉得吐蕃不可轻视，于是双方结好。唐太宗从远房宗室女中挑选出李雁儿，封为文成公主，许嫁给松赞干布。和亲联姻后，松赞干布接受唐朝册封，双方友好了几十年。因此，这次和亲通常被史学家视为非常成功的一次。

不过，以和亲方式换来的和平，无法永久维持。松赞干布死后，他的孙子芒松芒赞继位，文成公主的和亲效应也就随之终结。公元663年，吐蕃攻灭了邻国吐谷浑之后，随即与唐朝兵戎相见。吐蕃北攻西域，与唐朝争夺安西四镇；东攻击巴蜀，占领了羌族居住的十二个唐朝边境州。此后，吐蕃又将南面原受唐朝册封的南诏国纳入其势力范围。至公元676年，吐蕃所辖面积扩大到五百一十万平方公里，境内人口达到九百六十万，实力大增，对唐朝构成了严重威胁。

金城公主是第二位和亲吐蕃的公主。金城公主是雍王李守礼之女，具有真实的帝女身份。唐中宗自幼把她留在宫中，非常疼爱。公元704年，年仅七岁的赤德祖丹继任吐蕃国王。为了巩固王权，赤德祖丹的祖母急于改善同唐朝的关系，便再动和亲之念，派人向唐朝求婚。当时的唐朝正处于武则天倒台后重振李家皇朝雄风的过程中，也有意与周边民族搞好关系。唐中宗于是顺水推舟，许嫁金城公主。由于金城公主当时年纪尚小，所以直到公元710年金城公主十三岁时才入藏完婚。

唐中宗不仅把金城公主进贡给吐蕃人，一年后，唐睿宗执政后还把黄河河西九曲之地割让给吐蕃，从此吐蕃取得战略地理上的优势。这可算是唐朝和亲史上最赔本的一次屈辱和亲，这也是唐朝割地的开始。“吐蕃既得九曲，其地肥良，堪顿兵畜牧，又与唐境接近，自是复叛，始率兵

入寇。”吐蕃人不止享受唐朝的皇室美女，还霸占了唐朝一块水草肥美的战略要地。而且还照样掠夺唐朝边民。

赔了公主又折兵，唐朝为这次和亲付出了巨大代价，换来的却只是短暂的和平。公元713年，吐蕃向唐朝索取“河西九曲”之地，作为金城公主“汤沐邑”。吐蕃据水草肥美的河西九曲后，秣马厉兵，积极备战。第二年，便毁约犯唐。其后几十年，双方进行过多次大战，各有胜负。公元755年，唐朝爆发“安史之乱”，边境的唐军主力被调回中原平定判乱。吐蕃趁机大举东征，尽占唐朝河西陇右诸州。公元763年，吐蕃大将达扎路恭率军长驱直进，竟然直捣唐朝的首都长安。当时的皇帝唐代宗怆惶出逃陕州。吐蕃于是立早年入藏和亲的金城公主之侄、广武王李承宏为傀儡皇帝，停留十五日后，引兵西退。这事简直是唐朝历史上的奇耻大辱。此后，唐蕃之间长时期处于和战不定状态。期间几次会盟，可过不了多久吐蕃又毁约。

公元787年5月，吐蕃甚至以会盟为名制造了震撼唐朝的平凉劫盟事件，唐朝会盟官员六十余人被扣押。唐军死五百余人，被俘一千余人。唐朝被吐蕃折腾得焦头烂额。

和亲吐蕃的办法显然是行不通了。公元788年，唐德宗采用宰相李泌的建议，改变思路，用另一桩和亲来对付吐蕃。新思路就是用咸安公主与回纥国的天亲可汗和亲，借回纥的力量来抵抗吐蕃，以夷制夷。咸安公主是唐德宗的第八个亲生女儿，天生丽质，聪慧有加，琴棋书画，样样皆会。更可贵的是，咸安公主还是一位深明大义的女子，为了唐朝的安宁，毅然前往回纥和亲。这次和亲果然迅速扭转了一百多年来唐朝与吐蕃交战的被动局面。公元791年，吐蕃再次犯唐时，回纥出兵迎战，吐蕃遭到空前大败。吐蕃失败后不甘心，企图征集南诏国军队再度攻唐。但此时南诏国已决定重新归附唐朝，趁机出兵突袭吐蕃。吐蕃惨败，从此衰落。

从和亲战略的实际效果来看，咸安公主堪称唐朝功劳最大的和亲公主。咸安公主在回纥生活了二十一年，她先后按回纥的收继婚制嫁给长寿、忠贞、奉诚、怀信四位可汗，在回纥国很受尊重，为维护唐朝与回纥的军事同盟关系起到了重要作用。唐代诗人白居易因此写了《阴山道》一诗来咏赞这位忍辱负重的唐朝公主：“咸安公主号可敦，远为可汗频奏论。元和二年下新敕，内出金帛酬马直，仍诏江淮马价缣，从此不令疏短织。合罗将军呼万岁，捧授金银与缣彩。”

唐玄宗时期更是唐朝屈辱和亲的密集期，这期间永乐公主、燕郡公主、东华公主、宜芳公主、固安公主、静乐公主、东光公主等等先后送给了

野蛮人契丹与奚，可是最后契丹人与奚不领情把进贡的几个和亲公主竟给宰杀了。《剑桥中国辽西夏金元史》：“745年，唐廷试图用建立新通婚联盟的办法来恢复和契丹的关系，但是没有成功，送去的皇室新娘被杀。”唐朝此举丢尽了国人的颜面。

“安史之乱”时期，唐肃宗为平定叛乱，求助回纥国。回纥国立刻派兵参与平叛，收复了长安和洛阳。为了答谢回纥，唐肃宗将女儿宁国公主嫁给了回纥国的英武可汗。可是，宁国公主嫁去不到一年，英武可汗就归天了。回纥要宁国公主依回纥的风俗殉葬，宁国公主断然拒绝：“回纥仰慕大唐文化，才娶大唐女子为妻，如果仍用回纥风俗，何必万里之外结婚。”不过仍以刀割面，以示悲痛。第二年，在宁国公主的恳求下，唐肃宗派人将她接回。但陪嫁的一位亲王之女小宁国公主却被留了下来，作为继任可汗的妻子。

唐朝开国之初走的就是一条充满耻辱的进贡外交

其实，唐朝从开国之初所采取的就是充满耻辱的进贡外交。李渊为自己夺得政权，出卖祖国的利益无耻的对突厥称臣：“若能从我，不侵百姓，征伐所得，子女玉帛，皆可汗有之。”李渊时代的唐朝就是给突厥朝贡不断，突厥人还闲不够亲自又掠夺中度过。“及高祖即位，前后赏赐，不可胜纪。始毕自恃其功，益骄踞；每遣使者至长安，颇多横恣。高祖以中原未定，每优容之。”“赏赐”这词用得很妙，下级给上级应为进贡，上级给下级才为赏赐。李渊是臣子，突厥始毕可汗是君主。虽然唐书颠倒主次混淆黑白但掩盖不住李渊称臣纳贡的事实。李渊时代的唐朝整个都是耻辱的。

突厥大军兵临长安，李世民被迫在渭水便桥受辱签了城下之盟，此时唐朝要“空府库”把财宝进贡给突厥，耻辱到家了，李世民自称为“渭水之辱”。

唐高宗咸亨元年，即公元670年，吐蕃发兵夺走唐朝西域四镇鬼兹、于阗、焉耆、疏勒。其后唐朝两次派大军去欲夺回失去的领土，唐朝派大将薛仁贵率十万大军进攻吐蕃，在青海湖以南大非川被吐蕃大军打得大败。仪凤三年，即公元678年，唐中宗令李敬玄率兵十八万与吐蕃军又战于青海，结果唐军再次惨败。

武则天时代，突厥再次崛起，“默啜负胜轻中国，有骄志，大抵兵与颉利时略等，地纵广万里，诸蕃悉往听命。”此时唐军根本不是突厥的对手，突厥“所掠男女八九万悉坑之，出五回道去，所过人畜、金币、子女尽剽有之，诸将皆顾望不敢战。”唐中宗时，“中宗始即位，入攻呜沙，于是灵武军大总管沙吒忠义与战，不胜，死者几万人，虏遂入原、会，多取牧马。”这次征战让大唐

王朝的颜面尽失。

“安史之乱”时期，唐军屡次兵败于燕军，不得不求助于回纥。唐肃宗竭力讨好回纥不惜与回纥兵约定：“克城之日，土地、士庶归唐，金帛、子女皆归回纥”。唐朝还答应每天供给回纥军羊二百头，牛二十头，米四十斛。东京洛阳被回纥人大掠三日，无数美女财宝被回纥人掠走。“回纥至东京，以贼平，恣行残忍，士女惧之，皆登圣善寺及白马寺二阁以避之。回纥纵火焚二阁，伤死者万计，累旬火焰不止。及是朝贺，又纵横大辱官吏。”面对着回纥如此嚣张的气焰和贪婪的欲望，唐肃宗竟又答应每年给回纥进贡“岁遗回纥绢二万匹”，还把自己肃宗的亲生小女儿宁国公主进贡给回纥六十多岁的老可汗为妾。

唐朝究竟有多少和亲公主被送进了胡人君主的营帐？

大唐王朝近三百年先后与突厥、叶谷浑、吐蕃、契丹、回纥等八个胡族共计和亲二十八次。那么，唐朝究竟有多少和亲公主被送到胡人的床上？

宏化公主：宗室女，嫁吐谷浑王诸曷钵；

文成公主：宗室女，嫁吐蕃赞普松赞干布；

新兴公主：唐太宗李世民女，许嫁薛延陀王真珠，后绝婚，改嫁长孙曦；

金城公主：邠王李守礼女，嫁吐蕃赞普弃隶缩赞；

金山公主：宋王李成器女，嫁突厥可汗默啜；

固安公主：辛氏，嫁奚王李大酾；

永乐公主：杨嗣昌女，杨嗣昌为东平王李续外孙。嫁契丹松漠郡王李失；

燕郡公主：慕容嘉宾与余姚县主女，嫁契丹松漠郡王郁干；

交河公主：十姓可汗阿史那怀道女，嫁突骑施可汗苏禄；

东光公主：驸马都尉韦捷与新平公主女。嫁奚可汗饶乐郡王李鲁苏；

东华公主：唐玄宗外甥女，嫁契丹松漠郡王李邵固；

和义公主：宗室告城县令李参女，嫁拔汗那可汗阿悉烂达干；

静乐公主：驸马都尉独孤明与信成公主女，嫁契丹松漠郡王李怀节；

宜芳公主：杨氏，唐玄宗外甥女，嫁奚可汗饶乐郡王李延宠。

宁国公主：唐肃宗李亨女。先嫁郑巽，再嫁薛康衡，三嫁回纥英武可汗磨延啜；

小宁国公主：荣王李琬女，嫁回纥英武可汗磨延啜；

崇徽公主：大宁郡王仆固怀恩女，嫁回纥英义可汗移地健；

咸安公主：唐德宗李适女，嫁回纥天亲可汗顿莫贺；

永安公主：唐宪宗李纯女，嫁回纥保义可汗；

太和公主：唐宪宗李纯女，嫁回纥崇德可汗；

安化公主：宗室女，嫁南诏圣明文武皇帝隆舜；

对于唐朝的和亲政策，无论是在过去还是在今天，人们始终褒贬不一，争论不休。如唐代诗人戎昱曾以“汉家青史上，计拙是和亲”的诗句，借讥讽汉朝和亲来批

评唐朝的和亲政策。另一位诗人李中更是义正词严地声称“谁贡和亲策，千秋污简编”。但也有对和亲政策大唱赞歌的，如唐朝诗人吕温有诗云：“明时无外户，胜境即中华。况今舅甥国，谁道隔流沙。”不论是褒是贬，而无法否认的一点是，和亲政策确实在唐朝历史上挥过重要作用，但是，真正能发挥多少重要作用，恐怕还有待于商榷。

这位文成公主不辱使命，文才武略，是中国古代最杰出的女外交家。据说，她和松赞干布的确一见钟情，感情非常好。唐朝这支送亲的队伍，除了携带着丰盛的嫁妆外，还带有大量的书籍、乐器、绢帛和粮食种子；除了文成公主陪嫁的侍婢外，还有一批文士、乐师和农技人员。后来，文成公主还把一大批吐蕃人派去唐朝，参加各种干部培训班和科学文化学习班。她自己也没闲着，给吐蕃人贯输先进的汉文化，革除陈规陋习，既参政，又不干涉政治，整个吐蕃上上下下都把她视若神明。 　　

唐朝的民族政策有哪些特点

1，以通婚，和亲方式促进民族大整合。

2，以议代战，太宗被称天可汗

3，尊重民族习惯

4，交换使节，文化交流

5，修德政

中前期较平等的民族观，与各少数民族的关系也比较缓和。后期随着国势日衰，与少数民族关系紧张。通婚是一种主要的手段，也有出于侵略和反侵略目的的战争手段。希望对你有用

唐初名将李靖曾讲：“天之生人，本无番、汉之别，然地远荒漠，必以射猎为生，故常习战斗。若我恩信抚之，衣食周之，则皆汉人矣。”这充分体现了唐人的民族观。这种开明的民族意识又自然地导致了开明的民族政策。当然，唐朝统治者不可能真正做到“爱华夷如一”，但其民族政策之开明则的确堪称历代之冠。天宝之前，唐朝不断出兵征服四境各族，对于这些被征服者，唐朝大多采取安抚政策。如唐太宗征辽东，掳得高句丽百姓一万四千口，本当分赏将士，“上愍其父子夫妇离散，命有司平其直，悉以钱布赎为民。欢呼之声，三日不息。”此外，唐朝对于少数族族人才也大胆地予以重用。如阿史那社尔、契苾何力、黑齿常之、李谨行等都深受重用，有的还成了驸马。开元、天宝之际、少数族族将帅甚至成了唐军主力。安禄山、哥舒翰还晋升为王爵。这类现象在其他王朝是绝对见不到的，更非蒙元的以族分等，清的虽尚满汉一体实则行满汉大防政策所不能比拟。

编辑本段人才使用政策之开放性在唐帝国前期，不单是突厥、匈奴、鲜卑、西域、高句丽、吐蕃等这些民族人才为帝国所用，连日本大食的人才也可以在帝国的政府做官，这些人才使用政策之开放性、

开明性都是其他王朝所不能比拟，似乎现今的中国也没有外国人在政府做官的现象。

也正是这样开明的民族政策，开放的人才策略，将当时东亚以及中亚地区的人才引进到唐帝国的庞大统治机构中来，使得唐帝国前期能够在其辽阔的疆域里人尽其材、物尽其用，在短短百年的时间里塑造出一个疆土广阔、民族众多，世界上最富足、强盛的大帝国，与后来崛起的阿拉伯帝国对峙于东西方。也只有唐帝国这种开明的民族政策——一种只论能力，毫无民族歧视的人才政策，才能够创造出中国古代史尚最为辉煌、壮丽的盛世帝国。

但是对边疆少数民族的过于信任，任其做大，也是唐朝后期边疆问题的根源。

唐朝民族政策以“唐人”自称“天可汗”少数民族统治圈多胡族出身少数族名留青史结论南方民族势力无番、汉之别人才使用政策之开放

文成公主庙

编辑

文成公主庙，别名“沙加公主庙”，相传系唐代藏民为纪念文成公主而建。它位于青海省的玉树藏族自治州，地处青藏高原东南部的“三江之源”，始建于唐代，有1300多年历史，是唐蕃古道的重要文化遗存之一，为青海省省级重点文物保护单位。它已被列入国家级文物保护单位。.