英美文学史复习资料
英美文学史复习资料
英国文学史资料
I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
贝奥武夫 Artistic features:
1. Using alliteration头韵
2. Using metaphor暗喻 and understatement含蓄陈述
Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟The founder of English poetry.
三个阶段：
Significance :first time to use „heroic couplet‟(英雄双韵体) by middle English
II The Renaissance Period
A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.
Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.
1. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599
（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets‟ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet‟s corner of Westerminster Abbey.
The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.
② 牧人日历
The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalinism
More2. Thomas托马斯•莫尔1478~1535
One of the greatest English humanists
①乌托邦
Bacon3. Francis弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626
The first English essayist.father of english eassy.
4. Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛
①浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）
②帖木耳大帝
③马耳他岛的犹太人
5. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616共37plays
②四大喜剧:第二阶段 皆大欢喜; 第十二夜; 哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗; 李尔王; 麦克白
III The 17th Century
1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674
（失明后写 《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）
①Epics: 失乐园（亚当Adam夏娃Eve受魔鬼撒旦Satan诱惑偷尝禁果，被God逐出伊甸园Eden）
②Dramatic poem: 力士参孙
.
2. John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688
（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。） Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)
①Religionary Allegory:天路历程
3. John Donne
the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).
Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet‟s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）
4. John Dryden:革命时期的保皇派代表royalist
IV The 18th Century
1Enlightment 3位代表Addison,Steele,Pope
Johnson2. Samuel塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784
3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745
① 格列佛游记(fictional work)
Four parts:
Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国
Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛
② 书战
③ 木桶的故事
④ 一个麻布商的书信
4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731
5. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774
① poems:
② novel:
6.感伤主义sentimentalism and pre-romanticism: Blake& Burns
7 William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827
① 天真之歌.
② 经验之歌
③ 天堂与地狱的婚姻
8 Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796
The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.
Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗
① 约翰•安德生，我的爱人
② 一朵红红的玫瑰
③ 友谊地久天长
④ 不管那一套
⑤ 我的心在那高原上
V The Romantic Period
The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. “The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.
William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey
1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850
（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets）
① 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
②
④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女
2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834
The Lake Poets
① 古舟子颂
② 柯里斯塔贝尔
③ 忽必烈汗
④ 半夜冰霜
⑤ 忧郁颂
⑥ 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)
3. George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824
① 唐•璜
② 当初我们俩分别
4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822
① Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯
② 麦布女王
③ Lyrics:
Keats5. John约翰•济慈1795~1821
(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)
Scott6 Walter沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832
(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels
① 罗伯•罗伊
② 艾凡赫
VI The Victorian Period
Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.
1. Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870
（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer
6.Barnaby Rudge 第二阶段：1Amercian Notes美国札记
宗教色彩，圣诞小说： . 3圣诞颂歌 4 The Chimes 圣诞颂歌 5The Cricket on the Earth 灶上蟋蟀
第三阶段1 荒凉山庄
2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863
① or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from ② 3 Jane Austen简•奥斯丁1775~1817浪漫主义时期的批判现实主义
.
3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855
① 简•爱
② 雪莉
③ 教师
4. Emily Bronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854
① 呼啸山庄
② 5.Anne Bronte安妮。勃朗特
6. Robert Louis Stevenson
① 金银岛
7. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900
① 4 Comedies:
② Novel:
③ Fairy Stories:
Hardy1 Thomas托马斯•哈代1840~1928
（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment）
⑴ Novels
① 德伯家的苔丝 人物：Angel Clare,Alec
③ 绿荫下
⑤ 卡斯特桥市长
⑥ 还乡
⑵ Poems
Wessex Poems And Other Verses
Poems Of The Past And Present
The Dynasts 列国
2. George Bernard Shaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950
(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist
⑴ Plays
① Plays Unpleasant
② Plays Pleasant
③Plays
1. David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯 男女关系
① 儿子与情人(autobiographical)
②虹
③恋爱中的女人
④ 查特莱夫人的情人
Joyce2. James詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941
（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness
3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941
（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness
① Novels
Yeats •1. 叶芝1865~1939
（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）
⑴ collections
② 塔
⑵ Poems
2. Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家）
⑴ Poems
①
② 四个四重奏
③
⑵ Plays
① 大教堂谋杀案 美国文学史复习
1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林
1）
2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家， the first 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家
“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》
A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；
The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
3.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀
“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿
4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生
be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.
作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》 “The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。
④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》。
5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗
“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作
6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑
“Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》 “The Scarlet Letter”《红字》人物：Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl
7、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔
“Moby Dick”《白鲸》人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格 Ishmael讲故事的人，Starkbuck 星巴克
8、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼
①★free verse (自由诗体) 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚
②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗
Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass”are about man and nature.
9、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森
“I died for Beauty” 我为美而死（诗歌）
Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same
“Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径
“my life closed twice before its close”
“mine—by the right of the white election”
10.Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡
“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection
“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。
11.Howells
“A modern instance《一个现代的例证》“The rise of Silas Lapham”《塞拉斯。拉帕姆的发迹》
12.James
“The Amercian”《美国人》“Daisy Miller”《黛西，米勒》“The portrait of a lady”《贵妇人画像》“The ambassador”《奉使记》“The Wings of the Dove”《鸽翼》“the golden bowl”《金碗》
13.Mark Twain 马克.吐温
①美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)
②特点：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.
代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写
“Life on the Mississippi”
14、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞
①代表作：“Sister Carrie”《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.
“The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲
②“An American Tragedy”《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。
托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot‟s poetry as a whole.
“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点.
“The Waste Land”《荒原》现代主义的标志
“Four Quartets”《四个四重奏》poem
“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧
16.Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet
“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑
17、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家 诺贝尔
代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation”
“A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”
18、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳 诺贝尔
①作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。
②作品：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”
19.John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克 诺贝尔
“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers
“The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。
20. Eugene O’Neill 诺贝尔
“The Emperor Jones”《琼斯国王》、“Anna Christie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“The Hairy Ape”《毛猿》 “Long days’Journey”自传
21. Saul Bellow 犹太人 诺贝尔
从1941年到1987年的4O余年间，贝娄共出版了9部长篇小说。早期创作有结构优美的《挂起来的人》“Danglin Man” （1944）、 《受害者》“The victim” （1947），颇为评论界注目。 《奥吉·玛琪历险记》“The adventure of Augie March” （1953）的出版，一举成名，奠定了他的文学地位。由于把“丰富多彩的流浪汉小说与当代文化的精妙分析结合在一起”，这部小说成为当代美国文学中描写自意识和个人自由的典型之作。陆续出版了 《雨王汉德逊》“Hederson the Rain King” （1959）、 《赫索格》“Herzog” 获得4项奖（1964） 、赛姆勒先生的行星》Mr Sammlers Plannet”（1970）、 《洪堡的礼物》 （1975）、 《系主任的十二月》 （1981）、 《而今更见伤心死》 （1987）、《偷窃》（1989）等。这些作品袒露了中产阶级知识分子的精神苦闷，从侧面反映了美国当代“丰裕社会”的精神危机。《赫索格》成为美国轰动一时的畅销书。此外，贝娄还出版过中短篇小说集《且惜今朝》（1956）和《莫斯比的回忆》（1968），剧本《最后的分析》（1965）以及游记《耶路撒冷去来》（1976）、散文集《集腋成裘》（1994）等。
22.Salinger 犹太人Jewish
“The Catcher of the Rye”《麦田里的守望者》
名词解释
1.Active romanticism:
Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the romanticists split into two schools.Some romantic writers expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal,though a vague one,of a feature society free from oppression and exploitation.These were the younger generation of romanticists represented by Byron,Shelley and Keats.
2.Passive Ronmanticism:
Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the romanticists split into two schools.Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgoisie,and by the way of protesting against capitalist development turned to the feudal past.These were the elder generation of romanticists,sometimes called escapist romanticists,including Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey.
3.English Critical Realism:
English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists decribed with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.English critical realists included Charles Dickens,Thackeray,the Bronte Sisters and so on..
4、Lost Generation：Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.The famous writers were Hemingway,Fitzgwrald.
5.Imagism:Imagism was an Anglo-Amercian poetic movement flourishing in the 1910s. Its program was formulated about 1912 by the Amercian poet,Ezra Pound and the movement soon broke up in about 1917. The imagist poetry was a kind of free verse shaking off the conventional metres and emphasizing on the use of common speech,new rhythms and clear images. The two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century were Yeats and Eliot.
6.Renaissance： It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. It means revival , revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance， in essence ， was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers a
nd scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie ， to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.
The greatest humanist was Thomas More.
7.local colourism：Local Colourism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19th century, particularly among authors in the South of the U.S.. This style relied heanvily on using words, phrases, and slang that were native to the particular region in which the story take place. The term has come to mean any device which implies a special focus. Whether it be geographical or temporal. A well-known loca colourism author was Mark Twain with his books Tom Sawyer and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.