汽车驱动桥壳的有限元分析和优化外文文献翻译
文献出处: Paul D. FE Analysis and Optimization of Vehicle Drive Axle Housing
[J]. Journal of Engineering Computers & Applied Sciences, 2015, 12(3): 21-35. 原文
FE Analysis and Optimization of Vehicle Drive Axle Housing
Paul D
Abstract
As a main part of cars, drive axle housing supports the automobile chassis and the carriage, passes weights to the wheels. Meanwhile, the vertical force, traction, braking force acting on the drive wheels are also passed to the suspension and the frame though the axle housing; therefore, it is playing as both loading part and transmission part. Because the axle is used frequently under complex conditions, their quality and property directly affect the overall performance of the vehicle and its used life, so the drive axle housing must have characteristics of sufficient strength, stiffness and good dynamic. Currently the traditional method has been difficult to meet the requirements of drive axle housing, while because of its many advantages; the finite element method becomes an effective way to solve the problem.
Keywords: Drive axle housing, Leaf spring, Collaborative Simulation
1 Introduction
As one of the main parts of truck, drive axle shell to play the role of a support vehicle load, and can transfer load to the wheels, at the same time, the driving wheel on the vertical force and tangential force, braking force and the traction), lateral force is through it passed to the frame and carriage, it play the role of a bearing load and transmit forces. In the car, drive axle shell under high load, especially when the car loaded with high speed in the uneven road surface, will produce a big road impact load of the wheels, under the action of strong impact load, the dynamic behavior of the overall car will be from the drive axle shell parts inside and outside the influence of the vibration of the incentive to produce, may even make the bridge shell produces a lot of dynamic stress, lead to crack, fracture, even seriously affect the safety of the vehicle. In automobile structure, due to the use of high frequency, drive axle shell has higher failure rate, however, the overall performance of the car and the useful life is
influenced by its quality and performance directly, this requires that it has enough strength, stiffness, and has good dynamic characteristics, in turn, to ensure that the car's stability.
2 The research status
Due to the development of computer technology, expanding the application range of the finite element method (fem), especially in the 1970 s, some famous auto companies began to apply the finite element method to the design of auto parts, raised a hot wave of finite element method (fem) in the automobile structure design, such as: ford using Nastran finite element analysis software, the finite element model with shell element definition unit, to the static analysis of car body, get the stress nephogram, high stress area is determined, and carry on the improvement of the corresponding structure. By the end of the 80 s, Japan Isuzu companies have all aspects of the finite element method is applied to every part of body design. And has a well-known Japanese company by using the finite element method is proposed for 2.5 times full of axle load of drive axle housing structure analysis standard.The famous automobile company in the conventional finite element is comparatively mature application field, its research focus has shifted to nonlinear analysis, transient response analysis, impact analysis of temperature field analysis and optimization design and analysis, etc. Due to the finite element analysis software such as ANSYS was introduced, and is widely applied in engineering practice, in recent years, many automobile company and scientific research institutions joint of drive axle shell finite element analysis.
2.1 Static structure analysis
"The automobile drive axle bridge shell under the condition of static finite element analysis under typical conditions was described, and the static structure analysis of drive axle shell, the analysis of drive axle shell has certain reference value for design improvement, but the literature is just to simplify the structure of drive axle housing for the static analysis, the results of the analysis has certain error." Dump truck rear axle shell finite element stress calculation" compare the original model and the reinforcement model in various typical working conditions of the static structure
analysis, fully embodies the advantage of finite element method (fem) and quick, economic and environmental protection, provides the basis for the drive axle housing structure improvement design;"ZL50 wheel loader type welding drive axle shell vibration modal analysis" in various typical working conditions are introduced, the static structural analysis of the drive axle shell, got the stress contours and strain contours, and make evaluation on its structure and performance, but the object of study is just drive axle shell, evaluation of the lack of integrity. " Automobile drive axle housing based on ANSYS finite element analysis of" stated the application of finite element method, ANSYS software of finite element analysis was carried out on the drive axle housing, and the analysis results compared with the traditional theoretical calculation results, shows many advantages of the finite element method;" automobile drive axle bridge shell finite element analysis shows that the national standards of drive axle shell, the strength, stiffness, and the different thickness of the drive axle shell finite element analysis, the results show that the thickness of several bridge shell meet the evaluation indexes.
2.2 Dynamic analysis
"Automobile drive axle shell finite element dynamic is analysis of ANSYS software for static structural analysis and modal analysis. Through the modal analysis, obtained the low order natural frequency and vibration mode, and the experimental results are basically the same. "Drive axle integral finite element dynamic simulation" describes the test data is only on the surface of the drive axle shell vibration, dynamic analysis method is the data on the drive axle shell unit within the node, make up the lack of experiment, and provides research foundation for vibration noise. "Mini drive axle shell structural strength and modal analysis by ANSYS modal analysis was carried out on the drive axle housing, and obtained the low-order modal frequencies and their corresponding vibration mode, analyzes the results, drive axle shell dynamic design standard.
2.3 Fatigue analysis
Drive axle shell in order to make use of the finite element software static structure analysis, modal analysis and the analysis of the fatigue strength, fatigue life
of drive axle shell distribution, and the service life of the most dangerous point value;" Automobile drive axle shell under the action of random load fatigue life forecast" drive axle shell to make use of Nastran static structural analysis and fatigue analysis, the fatigue life of drive axle shell distribution, and the service life of the most dangerous point value, and compared with the bench fatigue test data, the data is consistent. Drive axle shells to make use of the finite element method of fatigue analysis, drive axle shell, the distribution of fatigue life and the life value of the most dangerous point, provided the basis for its improvement.
2.4 Optimization analysis
Vehicle drive axle shell dynamic optimization design based on parametric drive axle housing for the reliability optimization, on the basis of this, adhere to the principle of overall lightweight, local reinforcement, continue size optimization, the results not only lightweight effect is obvious, and guarantee its mechanical performance. Drive axle bridge shell finite element analysis and structure optimization by using finite element software for structural analysis, and put forward improvement on the basis of the results of the analysis, again carries on the analysis, comprehensive evaluation of the results of the analysis, after the effectiveness of the proposed improvement measures. To sum up, in recent years, with the development of the computer, the finite element technology gradually mature, expanding its application field, application of finite element method (fem) to drive axle design, can effectively shorten the development cycle, reduce production cost, and improve competitiveness.
3 Finite element models
Create a bridge shell entity model is a priority for the finite element analysis on it. Because its structure is complex, irregular surface is more, directly using ANSYS Workbench's own entity modeling module of drive axle shell model created there is a big difficulty, therefore, in this paper, with the aid of Solid works software strong modeling ability, create physical model of drive axle housing. When establishing finite element model, which requires it to reflect the important mechanical properties of the model itself, and USES the appropriate unit types, try to decrease the number of
units, in order to make sure to get a precise finite element calculation results as well as shorten the calculation time, so to simplify some of the minor, the dangerous structures, while retaining the original structure of drive axle shell body, make its can still reflect the actual structure of the main characteristics and mechanical characteristics, in order to meet these requirements, set up the model, the model is correct, geometric elements, on the basis of relevant and mechanical properties of the model under the premise of do not change, its structure is necessary. For building solid model is made up of drive axle housing, leaf spring, plate spring and assembly model is composed of main reducer shell. Drive axle housing is stamping steel welded integral, including: bridge shell body and axle tube, bridge shell body made of steel plate stamping welding.
4 Bridge shell finite element model
Create a finite element model is a necessary condition for finite element analysis, it is also important link, will create the entity model of Solid works first imported to ANSYS Workbench, and then, using ANSYS Workbench material definition, contact to set, meshing, finite element model. As pretreatment module of ANSYS Workbench, the situation has a direct and significant impact on the finite element analysis. ANSYS Workbench provides powerful ability of automatic classification, through the practical intelligence can be realized by default, complex model of meshing grid can be achieved by changing parameters real-time updates. Based on ANSYS Workbench mesh with flexibility, can be achieved for different structure or targeted meshing characteristics, in order to ensure the accuracy of finite element simulation. Analysis, finite element model of nodes and the cells are involved in calculation, in the ANSYS Workbench, you can preview based on grid, to assess whether it is reasonable, and through the elaboration, has higher precision of the calculation results, however, refined grid will make analysis and calculation time, and even has higher request to the hardware, it increases the cost of computing, therefore, grid refinement to appropriate, can also through the choice of changing the type of unit to reduce the amount of calculation. The drive axle housing was established based on Solid works assembly model, based on the collaborative simulation
environment, using ANSYS Workbench software model for material definition, meshing, loading and constraint, combined with several typical working conditions, analysis to calculate the stress and deformation of the drive axle housing, through ANSYS Workbench software on the drive axle shell body free modal analysis, calculate the each order natural frequency of the modal value and their corresponding vibration mode. To summarize evaluation calculation results, some conclusion, aiming at specific problems on the structure of the local hazardous area put forward the corresponding improvement, and the structure of the improved bridge shell model, static structure analysis and modal analysis, again will improve before and after the bridge structure, comparing the shell model of finite element analysis of the data bridge housing improvement is effective and feasible.
译文
汽车驱动桥壳的有限元分析和优化
Paul D
摘要
作为载货汽车的主要部件之一,驱动桥壳支撑着汽车的车架和车厢,并将相应的载荷传递给车轮,驱动车轮承受的垂向力、制动力和牵引力、侧向力也是通过它传递给车架和车厢的,它起着承载荷重和传递作用力的作用。由于桥壳工作频繁、工况复杂,其质量和性能直接影响到车辆的整体性能和有效使用寿命,因此,驱动桥壳必须具有足够的强度、刚度和良好的动态特性。当前,传统的理论计算方法已经很难满足驱动桥壳的设计要求,而有限元法具有很多优势,成为解决该问题的一种有效途径。
关键词:驱动桥壳;钢板弹簧;协同仿真
1 引言
作为载货汽车的主要部件之一,驱动桥壳起着支撑汽车荷重的作用,并能够将载荷传递给车轮,与此同时,驱动轮承受的垂向力、切向力(制动力和牵引力)、侧向力也是通过它传递给车架和车厢的,它起着承载荷重和传递作用力的作用;在汽车行驶时,驱动桥壳承受较大的负载,尤其是汽车满载高速速行驶于不平路面时,会产生一个很大的路面对车轮的冲击载荷,在强烈冲击载荷的作用下,汽
车整体的动态特性将受到来自于驱动桥壳内部的零件和外部的激励产生的振动的影响,甚至可能使桥壳产生很大的动应力,导致裂纹,甚至断裂,严重影响车辆行驶的安全性;在汽车结构中,由于使用频率较高,驱动桥壳具有较高的故障率,然而,汽车的整体性能和有效寿命受其质量和性能的直接影响,这就要求它具有足够的强度、刚度,并具有良好的动态特性,进而,保证汽车行驶的平稳性。 2 研究现状
由于计算机技术的发展,有限元法的应用范围不断扩大,特别是在 20 世纪70 年代,一些知名汽车企业开始将有限元法应用到汽车零部件的设计中,掀起了有限元法在汽车结构设计的热潮,如:福特公司利用 Nastran 有限元分析软件,以壳单元定义有限元模型单元,对汽车车身进行的静力分析,得到应力云图,确定高应力区,并进行相应的结构改进;到 80 年代末,日本的五十铃公司已经全方面的将有限元法应用到车身设计的每个环节;并有日本知名公司提出了利用有限元法对 2.5 倍满载轴荷的驱动桥壳进行结构分析的标准。各知名汽车公司在常规的有限元应用领域已经比较成熟,其研究重点已经转移到非线性分析,瞬态响应分析,碰撞分析,温度场分析,优化设计分析等领域。由于 ANSYS 等有限元分析软件纷纷被引入,并被广泛的应用于工程实际中,近年来,许多汽车公司与科研机构联合对驱动桥壳有限元分析研究。
2.1静力结构分析
“多工况下汽车驱动桥桥壳静力学有限元分析”描述了在典型工况下,驱动桥壳的静力结构分析,该分析对驱动桥壳的设计改进有一定的参考价值,但文献仅仅是对简化的驱动桥壳进行静力结构分析,分析结果存在一定的误差;“自卸车后桥壳有限元应力计算”比较了原模型和加筋模型在各典型工况下的静力结构分析结果,充分体现有限元法快捷、经济及环保的优势,为驱动桥壳结构改进设计提供了依据;“ZL50 型轮式装载机焊接驱动桥壳振动模态分析”介绍了在各典型工况下,驱动桥壳的静力结构分析,得到了应力云图和应变云图,并对其结构和性能做出评价,但研究对象仅仅是驱动桥壳,评价缺乏完整性;“基于 ANSYS汽车驱动桥壳的有限元分析”陈述了有限元法的应用,利用 ANSYS 软件对驱动桥壳进行有限元分析,并将分析结果与传统理论计算结果相比较,显示出了有限元法的诸多优点;(完整译文请到百度文库)汽车驱动桥桥壳有限元分