过去完成时 The Past Perfect Tense
过去完成时 The Past Perfect Tense
一.构成:
肯定式:主语 + had + done
否定式:主语 + hadn’t + done
疑问式:Had + 主语 + done?
二.基本用法:表过去某一时间前发生的动作。注意不要轻易使用此时态。一定要在上下文中找到一个过去时间作为参照物,有“过去的过去”的含义时才可用。
常用标志有:already ,before ,ever ,just ,by + 过去时间 ,(时态为一般过去时的)从句等。 例如:
1. When he got there, the bus had left. 当他到那时,公共汽车已经开了。
2. I had learned 10,000 English words by the end of last year. 到去年年末为止,我已经学了一万个英语单词。
3. How long had Mr. Li lived in the south before he came here? 李先生来这儿以前在南方住了多久?
4. He asked if you had written to Peter. 他问你是否写了信给彼得。
三.注意:在no sooner… than,hardly / scarcely … when的句型中,主句通常用过去完成时,而than 或when 从句中的动词用一般过去时。
例如:
1. No sooner had he left home than it rained. 他刚离开家天就下雨了。
2. Hardly / Scarcely had we arrived, when it began to rain. 我们刚一到就下起雨来了。
将来完成时 The Future Perfect Tense
一.构成:
肯定式:主语 + shall / will + have + done
否定式:主语 +shall/will not + have + done
疑问式: Shall/Will + 主语 + have + done?
二.基本用法:将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。常用标志有:by the end of ,by the time, before ,when 等引导的时间状语连用。
例如:
We shall have lived here for 10 years by the end of this year.到年底我们就已经在这里住了10年了。
比较下面的句子:
1. I will have learned two thousand English words by the end of next week.
2. I have learned two thousand English words by now.
3. I had learned two thousand English words by the end of last week.
三:时态的若干注意点:
主将从现:在时间、条件状语从句中,要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。
时态呼应:当主句谓语动词是一般过去时,有些从句,主要是宾语从句的时态要随着加以调整。
固定句型:用于since 从句中。主句的谓语动词常用一般现在或现在完成时,since 从句用一般过去时。
在It is the first / second / third…time that结构中,谓语动词须用现在完成时,表示到说话时动作发生过几次。
Exercises
I. Complete the following dialogues with proper words.
1. – Will someone go and get Dr. White?
– He 2. – I ____________ the sport meeting might be put off. (tell)
–Yes, it all depends on the weather.
3. – Are you going to Richard’s birthday party?
– Yes.By then I ______my term paper. (finish)
4. – John returned home yesterday.
– Where ______ he ______? (be)
II. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense forms.
1. He ___________(turn )off the light. We can leave now.
2. By the time we got to the cinema, the film ___________(begin ).
3. She ___________(finish )her homework before I left school.
4. My mother ___________(be )a teacher since 2003.
5. I ___________ (know) Kevin for 10 years next month.
6. I ___________(wash )all the clothes. So I can have a rest.
7. They ___________(stay )in China for a long time.
8. My father ___________(arrive )home before nine o’clock last night.
9. He told us that he ___________(give )the book to his brother.
10. All the machines _______________ (repair) by the end of the following week.
III. Change the sentences form as requested.
1. I had sold the ticket when she came.(改否定句)
I ______________ the ticket when she came.
2. By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. (改一般疑问)
________ you ________ very hungry by 10:00 am? (对划线部分提问) _____________ did you have had the toys before you gave them to the child? (对划线部分提问) ________ had she written by the end of 1960?
5. Jim’ s father mended the car. It was broken. (用过去完成时连接两句)
The car ____________ before Jim's father manded it.
IV . Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The conference _____ a full week by the time it ends.
A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted
2. I. hope you______ the instructions ready before I come tomorrow
A. to get B. shall get C. will get D. will have gotten .
3. I _______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
4. By eleven o’clock yesterday, we _________ at the airport.
A. had arrived B. have arrived C. shall arrive D. arrive
5. By the time he was twelve, Edison ________ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
6. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ________ when he _______
at the party.
A. left, had arrived B. left, arrived
C. had left, had arrived D. had left , arrived
7. I _________ there for five years when the new leader came.
A. had worked B. worked C. was working D. have been worked
8. I ____________ the room when the telephone rang.
A. hardly entered B. was entering
C. had hardly entered D. have entered
9.She has been studying here for five years and by the end of next summer she _____.
A. will graduate B. will be graduating C. will be graduated D. will have graduated
10. The project to clear up the polluted river ______ by the end of next year.
A. is being competed B. has been completed
C. will have been completed D. will have completed
Keys:
I.
1. has, been sent 2. have been told 3. will have finished 4. had, been
II.
1. has turned 2. had began 3. had finished 4. has been 5. will have known 6. have washed 7. have stayed 8. had arrived 9. had given 10. will have been repaired III.
1. did not have sold / hadn’t sold 2. Had, been 3. How long 4. What 5. had broken IV.
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. C