非谓语动词的句法功能及考点
非谓语动词的句法功能及考点
1、动词不定式
(1)不定式作表语(说明主语的内容或性质)
His job is to guard.(说明内容)
What I really want to do is to have a heart-to-heart chat with you.
(2)接不定式作宾语的词语
下列词语常不定式作宾语:afford 、ask 、pretend 、encourage 、promise 、refuse 、expect 、hope 、learn 、offer 、wish 、want 、fail 、plan 、agree 、decide 、manage 、arrange 、determine 、desire 等。
(3)不定式作宾补
①动词see 、watch 、notice 、hear 、listen to、observe 、feel 、have 、make 、let 等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to, 此时的不定式就是主语补足语。
②常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况:
主语+ ask /require/tell/order/force/get/want/ like/advice/encourage/allow/permit/forbid/wish/expect/would like + sb.to do sth.
③主语 + believe / consider + sb. + to be/ to have done
④主语 + call on / depend on / wait for + sb.+ to do sth.
(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法
①下列名词后常接不定式作定语:chance 、wish 、right 、courage 、need 、promise 、opportunity 、way Have you got the chance to go abroad for further study?
We must find a way to stop the pollution..
②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。
Do you have anything to wash? 比较:Do you have anything to be washed?
She is now looking for a room to live in.
(5)不定式作状语的用法(目的、结果状语)
A: 目的状语:(in order(not)to,so as(not)to引导目的状语)
(In order) to finish the job in time, we stay up late last night..
We got up early so as to catch the early bus.
B: 结果状语:enough,too …to, so... as to do作结果状语,only to do表示出人意料的结果。 We hurried to the classroom, only to find none of them there .
The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.
(6)不定式的完成时
①表示不定式动词的过去或完成,其动作一般先于句子的谓语动词发出的动作。
The novel was said to have been published.
Columbus is considered to have discovered America.
注意下列区别:
I'm sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起,请稍等。(说话时还未等)
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起,让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)
②不定式的完成时表示虚拟语气(本想做某事但未做) 。如:
should like to / would like to / would love to + to have done。
I ’d like to have come to help you, but I was too busy then.
(7)不定式的省略
①同一结构并列由and 或or 连接。 I wanted to finish my homework and go home. I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 注:It is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比时to 不省略) ②不定式作表语,其前面的主语从句中含有do 时,后面的to 省略。 What he did was lose the game. ③but “除…之外”句中含有动词do 时,but 后跟不定式,to 须省略。即“前有do, 后省to ”。
I could do nothing but wait here.
There is nothing to do but listen to him.
④Why not、had better、would rather、prefer to do rather than do等词后无to 。如:
Why not come with us and have fun together?.
2、动名词
(1)动名词作宾语:
①下列动词后只能接动名词:suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can't help, can ’t stand, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, permit, allow, forbid。
②下列动词短语接动名词:keep on, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth, devote…to, be devoted to, be/get used to, pay attention to, be worth。
③介词后要接动名词
④动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别:
a. begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer
例句解析:
1. It began to rain. It began raining.
2. It was beginning to snow.
意思无差别,但谓语动词用进行时,后面只跟不定式。
3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.
4. I like listening to music, but today I don't like to.
5. I prefer to swim in the river now rather than stay alone in the house..
6. Many people now prefer walking to driving.
表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语,如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动,多接不定式。
b. remember, forget, regret, try, mean 例句比较:
1. I remember to meet her at the station. 2. I forgot giving/having given it to you yesterday. I forgot to tell you about it.
3. I regret not having worked/ working hard. I regret to tell you about the bad news.
4. Try knocking at the back door. We must try to get everything ready.
5. That will mean flooding some land. I had meant to go on Monday.
1. remember to do sth. 记住要做的事 remember doing sth. 记得过去发生的事
2. forget to do sth. 忘记要做的事 forget doing sth. 忘记做过的事
3. regret to do sth. 对将要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth. 对发生过的事后悔
4. try to do sth. (设法,试图,努力,尽力)去做 try doing sth. 试试看,试一试
5. mean to do sth. 打算做...... ,想要 mean doing sth. 意味着,就是
c. want, require, need “需要”
Sb/Sth need/want/require + doing/to be done
These desks need repairing. =These desks need to be repaired.
The patient required examined =The patient required to be examined.
(2). 动名词作主语的几种类型
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
Going to university is my greatest dream.
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语) 置于句尾作后置主语。
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常用于这种结构的词有: no use, useless ,no good,worthwhile ,等。
3. 动名词的复合结构作主语
动名词常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构。例如:
Would you mind me/my smoking in the room?
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Mary ’s arriving late made her boss very angry.
3、现在分词应注意的几个问题
(1)现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语
①时间状语(分词作状语前面可加when, while等)
Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.
=When he heard the news, he jumped with great joy.
②原因状语
Not having finished her work in time, she was fired.
=Because she hadn’t finished her work in time, she was fired
Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note.
=Because he saw nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note.
③伴随状语
The girls came in, following their parents.(=The girls came in and followed their parents.)
The teacher pointed at the blackboard, reading “It is bad to do sth.”(=…blackboard and read….)
④结果状语
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
注意:①时间性 与谓语动词同时发生,用一般时;如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。②语态性 与句子的主语之间是主动关系用doing 或having done;是被动关系用done 或having been done。③人称一致性 分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。④分词的否定 在分词前加not 。
(2)分词作表语
S. + be + 动词-ed ,主语是人;S. + be + 动词-ing ,主语是事物。
The news is surprising. We are all surprised.
有关动词:surprise, excite, interest, tire, satisfy, disappoint, frighten, delight, bore, discourage等
(3) 分词作定语(修饰或形容事物时用-ing 形式)
Bore, interest, excite, frighten, tire, surprise, shock, amaze, disappoint, satisfy,
(4)分词作宾补、不定式作宾补的区别:
感官动词 动词原形→做了某事
S .+ + 宾语 + 现在分词→正在做某事
使役动词 过去分词→做了或被做
感官动词:see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe等;使役动词:have, make, let等
4、过去分词
过去分词在句中作原因、时间、条件、伴随状语
(1)原因状语
Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.
= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.
Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car.
=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.
(2)时间状语
Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.
=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.
(3)条件状语
Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.
=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.
(4)伴随状语
The teacher came in, followed by some students.
=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.
分词短语作状语时,与主句中的主语在逻辑上要一致。
二、名题解读:
1. One learns a language by making mistakes and _______ them.(2001年春季高考)
A.correct B.correcting C.corrects D.to correct
解析:答案为B 。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by 意为" 通过...... ,凭......" ,后面常接动名词,形成"by+ v. -ing "结构,表示通过做某事而得到某种结果。本题中只有correcting 符合。
2. The picture _________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)
A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung
解析:答案为B 。本题考查现在分词作定语的用法。根据句意" 墙上挂的那幅画是我侄子画的" ,可知空白处所填的动词形式在句中作定语,表说话时仍在进行的动作或所处的解题关键在于分析picture 与hang 之间的逻辑关系。
3."We can't go out in this weather,"said Bob, ________out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
解析:答案为A 。本句考非谓与动词作伴随状语。全句合理的句意是:Bob 看着窗外说," 我们不能在这种天气出去" 。Bob 在说话的同时在看着窗外,应使用现在分词一般式,表主动和进行。A 项正合语境。B 项不定式表主动、将来的动作。C 项表被动完成的动作(上处不是并列谓语)。D 项表完成的主动动作,均不和语境。
4.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only________the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
解析:答案为B 。only + to do作结果状语,tell 及物动词,故tell 采用被动形式。
非谓语动词综合练习
28. There have been several new events_____to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add D. adding D. added(2006年高考北京)
35. I can’t stand_____with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_____talking while she works.
A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop(2006年高考北京)
28. ---Excuse me, sir, where is Room 301? ---Just a minute. I’ll have Tom_____you to your room.
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing(2007年高考北京)
29. He is a student at Oxford University, _____for a degree in computer science.
A. studied B. studying C. to have studied D. to be studying(2007年高考北京)
24. ______ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.
A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen(2008年高考北京)
31. –Did the book give the information you needed?
–Yes. But _____ it, I had to read the entire book.
A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding(2008年高考北京)
32. I feel greatly honored ____ into their society.
A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed(2008年高考北京)
35. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and ____ better ones of your own.
A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced(2008年高考北京)
24.For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit on his own farm.
A grown B being grown C to be grown D to grow (2009年高考北京)
28. All of them try to use the power of the workstation _____ information in a more effective way.
A. presenting B. presented C being presented D. to present(2009年高考北京)
34. ______ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.
A. Being bitten B.Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten(2009年高考北京)
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1. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch an old man_____.
A. to repair bicycles B. repaires bicycles
C. repair bicycles D. repaired bicycles
2. --- Have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?
--- Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.
A. to change; to be B. to change; being
C. changing; being D. changing; to be
3. The dog, _____, will be made a good watchdog.
A. to train properly B. being trained properly
C. properly to train D. trained properly
4. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
A. Having stolen B. Having been stolen C. Stolen D. Stealing
5. _____ the front door _____, he had to enter the room through the back door.
A. Seen; painted B. Seeing; painted
C. Being seen; being painted D. Seeing; being painted
6. And there, almost _____ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.
A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost
7. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting
8. To answer correctly is more important than _____.
A. that you finish quickly B. finishing quickly
C. to finish quickly D. finish quickly
9. The old farmer, _____ the badly injured and burnt soldier, came out of the burning farmhouse, calling continuously for help.
A. supporting B. to support
C. being supported by D. being supported
10. In January , 2004, the United States successfully launched “Spirit ”, a Mars Exploration Rover, _____ a new milestone in the history of mankind.
A. it marked B. marking C. marked D. to mark
11. It was getting dark; I found a car _____ in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick
12. You can’t imagine what great trouble they have _____ the problem _____.
A. to solve; being talked about B. solving; discussing
C. to solve; to talk about D. solving; being discussed
13. The monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.
A. to have discovered B. to have been discovered
C. to discover D. having been discovered
14. The thief fell to the ground, his left foot _____ and blood _____ down from his mouth.
A. breaking; running B. broken; running
C. breaking; run D. broken; run
15. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes _____ on the screen.
A. to fix B. to be fixed C. fixed D. fixing
16. As I will be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate _____ from you now and then so that I can know how everyone is getting along.
A. having heard B. to hear C. hearing D. being heard
17. _____, the subject was always in my mind.
A. Walking or sleeping B. Walking or slept
C. Having walked or slept D. To walk and sleep
18. --- Did you get a dictionary?
--- No, I _____, but there were not any _____.
A. tried; to be left B. had tried to; leaving
C. tried to; left D. had tried; have left
19. When he came to, he found himself _____ on a chair, with his hands _____ back.
A. to sit; tying B. sitting; tying C. seating; tied D. seated; tied
20. The joke told by Tom made us _____, so the teacher couldn’t make himself _____.
A. to laugh; hearing B. laughing; heard
C. laughing; hear D. laughed; heard
21. All of the flowers now _____ here have developed from those once _____ in the forest.
A. raised; grown B. rising; growing
C. raised; growing D. rising; grown
22. Henry can’t attend the party _____ at Tom’s house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party _____ at Marie’s house tomorrow.
A. held; being held B. to be held; to be held
C. to be held; held D. being held; to be held
23. Seeing the soldiers well _____ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.
A. prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. having prepared
24. Don’t worry. I’ll have it _____ and get someone _____ it to you tomorrow.
A. typed; send B. to type; to send
C. type; send D. typed; to send
25. The sun was shining brightly, _____ everything there _____ more beautiful.
A. making; look B. to make; looked
C. and made; looking D. and making; be looked
26. How could he get the plan _____ without any one to support him?
A. to carry out B. carry out C. carrying out D. carried out
27. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before _____.
A. being fully accepting B. fully accepting
C. having fully accepted D. fully accepted
28. Having passed all the tests, she felt a great weight _____ off her mind.
A. taking B. taken C. take D. to be taken
29. I’m examining the article he has just finished _____ the possible mistakes in it.
A. being corrected B. to correct
C. corrected D. having corrected
30. _____ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.
A. We did not make B. Having not made
C. We had not made D. Not having made
31. We should prevent such a silly mistake _____ again.
A. occurring B. to occur
C. to be occurred D. from being occurred
32. I regret _____ hard at school, or I would have succeeded in passing the exam.
A. not to work B. having not worked
C. to have not worked D. not having worked
33. They looked forward with hope _____ a chance to receive further education.
A. for getting B. of getting C. to get D. to getting
34. “Well, I”ll tell you a secret ...” said the boy, with his mouth almost _____ my ear.
A. touched B. touching C. touch D. to touch
35. Towards evening, the patient opened his mouth as if _____ something to his son.
A. said B. say C. to say D. to have said
36. --- Would you be _____ lend me your bicycle?
--- Sure.
A. so kind as to B. kind enough as to C. very kind to D. so kind to
37. The beach is so beautiful that it is worthwhile, I think, _____ for a short holiday.
A. of going B. to be going C. your going D. you to go
38. The teacher asked more _____ to prevent the students’ eyes from being injured.
A. to do B. done C. to be done D. being done
39. Some of the schools in Shanghai have moved one step closer to _____ with the global education community.
A. being connected B. connect C. having connected D. be connected
40. The performance of the host, _____ to please the audience and draw their attention, was greeted with a cold silence, however.
A. had intended B. intended C. being intended D. to intend
41. _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.
A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiring
C. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring
42. The 18-storeyed building, when _____, will shut out the sun _____ up the rooms in my house.
A. completed; lighted B. completing; lighting
C. completing; lighted D. completed; lighting
43. --- I hear Warren _____ in a middle school.
--- What? I can’t imagine him _____ as a teacher.
A. teaches; working B. teaches; work C. teach; to work D. teach; working
44. _____ he’s only been learning English for a year, he speaks it very well.
A. Considered B. Considering C. Having considered D. To consider
45. It was _____ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.
A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played
46. At no time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, for she is always too busy _____ a good rest.
A. to take B. taking C. took D. taken
47. _____ as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates had expected, made her parents very happy.
A. Mary was chosen B. Mary chose C. Mary being chosen D. Mary’s being chosen
48. _____ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ to death.
A. Seeing; frightened B. Seeing; frightening C. Seen; frighten D. To see; frightening
49. You will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
50. Mr. Green is said _____ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem when young.
A. to do B. to have done C. to be doing D. to have been doing
51. With a lot of difficult problems _____, the manager felt worried all the time.
A. settled B. to be settled C .settling D. to settle
52. With all the magazines I needed _____ , I left the post office.
A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought
53. Which do you enjoy _____ your holiday, going abroad or staying at home?
A. spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend
54. The policeman came up to the lonely house , whose door was open , _____ there for a while , and then
entered it.
A. to stand B. stand C. stood D. standing
55. She took her son , ran out of the house , ____ him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest doctor’s office
A. putting B. put C. to put D. having put
答案:DC AB AACC ADB
1-5 CDDAD 6-10 DDCAB 11-15 BDABC 16-20 CACDB 21-25 CDCDA 26-30 DDBBD 31-35 ADDBC 36-40 ACCAB 41-45 CDABB 46-50 ADABB 51-55 DCBCB