非谓语形式

动词的非谓语形式

三种形式：

不定式，动名词（形式为Ving 与现在分词一样）和分词（现在分词和过去分词）

一、 不定式（to do）

不受人称和数的限制，但有时态和语态的变化。

1. 用法：

主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语

To see is to believe.

I find it interesting to study English.

His job is to look after the elderly. She is the last to leave the office.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

There is nothing to worry about.

He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. (出乎意料的结果，往往不好) , dropping it on his own feet.

He tried to impress everybody, only to make a fool of himself.

2. 时态有四种：

一般形式（to do）、进行体形式(to be doing)、完成体形式 (to have done)、完成进行体 (to have been doing)

I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.

I’m glad to be working with him.

Six prisoners are reported to have committed suicide last night.

The president was said to have been flying across the Atlantic.

I intended to have come to see you, but I was caught in a bad cold.

进行体形式(to be doing)：谓语表示的动作或情况发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。

特例：intended, expected, hoped, promised, wanted, wished, thought 等候用不定式完成时(to have done) 表示：过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等，也表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作或状态。

I expected to have finished the work earlier.

3. 不定式的否定形式：

在之前加not，never等否定词。

I decided not to buy that house. She wished never to see him again.

4. 被动语态（to be + -ed/ to have been+ -ed）

当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式用被动。

I’m sorry for the article not to have been finished in time.

特例：不定式作表语形容词的状语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式。

He is hard to talk to. (for one to talk to him)

This wine is fit to drink. (for one to drink)

5. 某些动词直接带不定式、不直接带ing分词（具体见章振邦语法书） Agree\aim\apply\decide\hope\promise\pretend\threaten\manage\demand….

6. 不带to 的不定式

(1) 情态助动词（must、should等）和情态成语（would rather, might/may as well, cannot but/cannot help but 不能不、不由得不）

I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.

We can’t help but respect the hero.

I would rather listen to others than talk myself.

(2) 介词except、but 之后

如果介词前有动词“do“的某种形式，其后通常用不带to不定式；如没有，要带to不定式

They did nothing except play in winter holiday.

There is no choice but to wait.

(3) let\make\have 等使役动词+ 宾语之后用不带to不定式

但在被动语态时，要加to。

John made her tell him everything.--- she was made to tell him everything.

（4）感觉动词feel\hear\see\notice\observe

\look at, etc. +宾语后，用不带to不定式

I didn’t hear you say that.

They didn’t observe she come in and go upstairs.

(5) 固定搭配之间不加to（具体见章振邦语法书）

make believe 假装, make do (with/on) 凑合、将就、靠。。维持, let drop/let fall有意无意说出, let slip 无意说出、错过机会, let go (of)/leave go of放开, hear tell (of)听说

Let’s make believe we have a million yuan.

They are not rich, but they make do on what they have.

I’ve heard tell of him.

She let slip that she had been a witness to the accident.

二、 动名词（Ving）

1. 用法：

在句中起名词作用，可做主语、宾语、表语、定语。

Seeing is believing.

It’s no use arguing with him.

(It’s no use/good, not any use/good, useless后一般用动名词)

Her job is teaching. His job is to look after the elderly.

I remember telling her the notice. (Vs I remember to tell…)

某些动词后直接带ing分词，不直接带不定式：avoid, appreciate, keep, mind, forgive, give up...都可带，但意思有区别 forget/remember, stop/go on, try, mean

e.g. Stop talking. Vs. He stopped to talk.

I mean to come early tomorrow. Vs. Missing the train means waiting for another hour.

I’ll try to improve my spoken English.

Vs. Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.

try to do努力做某事 try doing尝试 mean to do打算、意欲 mean doing意味着

2. 注意区别不定式to和介词to

有些短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号

be used to\ resort to\ yield to\ be devoted to\stick to\key to\with a view to…. （具体见章振邦语法书）

3.动名词的复合结构

1）一般形式：

当逻辑主语是有生命的名词

（作主语，必须用动名词或代词的所有格）

They insist on Tom’s/Tom staying longer.

They insist on his/him staying longer.

（作宾语，两者皆可，在口语中，可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格）

当逻辑主语是无生命的名词，只能用名词普通格

There is no hope of our team winning the march.

2）时态

一般时 We are interested in playing chess.

完成时 I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.

3) 语态 being done、having been done

She likes being needed.

The house showed no sign of having been damaged.

三、分词

1. 分为：现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）

2．分词的用法：

可充当定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语

Polluted air is harmful to the health. (单个分词可做前置定语)

boiling water/ boiled water

The man standing besides the window is the headmaster. (分词短语放在被修饰名词之后)

分词作表语

The news is surprising. （Vs surprised）

表示心理状态的动词如disappoint, excite, confuse, delight, 凡表示“令人„的”都是-ing形式, 凡是表示“感到„的”都是用-ed形式。

1） The pupils will ______ if they are made to learn too much.

A. feel confusing B. feel confused

C. be getting confused D. be confusing

宾语补足语

We saw the teacher making the experiment. (Vs. see sb. do, watch/observe/notice/hear)

He had his clothes washed. (have + sth + done 表示动作是别人做的或与主体意识无关)

We had the fire burning all day.（have + sth+ -ing表示主体使客体处于某种状态或干什么事）

have sth. to do (主语自己做)

3. 如何区别现在分词和过去分词

分词与逻辑主语的关系

如果是主动关系，用现在分词；如果是被动关系，用过去分词。

现在分词分为一般时/ 完成时：表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作 Having studied here for 3 years, he knows the city very well.

Having been criticized by the teacher, Tom gave up cheating.

过去分词与现在分词一般被动式做状语表示伴随动作或行为方式时，两者无多大区别，习惯用过去分词。

________ at in his way, the situation doesn’t seem so desperate. (2007, 64)

A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To look

Exercises:

1. ______ by a thick forest, the ancient city hadn’t been discovered until 1990s.

A. Surrounding B. To surround C. Surrounded D. Having surrounded

2. ____ his crazy behavior, the killer quietly waited for the police instead of running away.

A. To finish B. Have finished C. Having finished D. To have finished

3. His heart racing, and tears_____ his eyes, Jack carefully unlocked the box.

A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled

4. ___ of the change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.

A. Not being informed B. Not having informed

C. Having not been informed D. Not having been informed

5. 独立主格结构(absolute structure) 独立主格结构中的逻辑主语(即意义上的主语)与主句的主语不同，独立主格结构在整个句子中做状语, 来表示一种方式、环境、伴随的状况等。With往往是这种结构的引导词。

基本形式如下：

逻辑主语+分词/形容词、名词、副词、介词短语

John was so disappointed that he felt unwilling to know the rest results.

The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,

most of them (being) beyond our control. (= most of which are ) With a guide_____ the road, we set off in the dark.

A. lead B. led C. leading D. leads [c]

Exercise:

1. With a guide _____ the road, we set off in the dark.

A. lead B. led C. leading D. leads

2. Such _____ the case, there were no grounds to justify your complaints.

A. was B. were C. being D. would be

3. Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker _____ a separate task.

A. assigning B. to assign C. assigned D. has assigned

4. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ________ by far the biggest cereal crop. (2003, 41)

A. is B. been C. be D. being

5. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, ________ by the police each time. (1999, 42)

A. had been captured B. being always captured

C. only to be captured D. unfortunately captured

6. The explosion sent glass ____ everywhere, _____ ten people hurt.

A. to fly, to leave B. flying, leaving C. to fly, leaving D. flying, to leave Send sb./sth. doing 使。。快速移动

doing 做状语，引导结果状从，表示必然的结构；to do 表示出乎意料的结果。

练习:

1. ________, he can now only watch it on TV at home. (1998, 45)

A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match

B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match

C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match

D. Not obtained a ticket for the match

2. That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him. (2005, 60)

A. betrayed…take B. had betrayed…took

C. has betrayed…took D. has betrayed…take

3. Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, ____ for Europe this afternoon. (2004, 51)

A. are to leave B. are leaving C. is leaving D. leave

4. What’s the chance of ________ a general election this year? (2005 TEM 4)

A. there being B. there to be C. there be D. there going to be

5. If not ____ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.（2004 TEM 4）

A. being treated B. treatedC. be treated

D. having been treated

6. The Minister of Finance is believed ____ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. （2004 TEM 4）

A. that he is thinking B. to be thinking C. that he is to think

D. to think

A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not tall

D. Not being tall

8. _________ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. ( 1998 TEM 4 )

A. Giving B. To give C. Given

D. Being given

9. It is not uncommon for there _______problems of communication between the old and the young. (2007)

A. being B. would be C. be D. to be

10. The meeting was put off because we __________ a meeting without John.

A. objected having B. were objected to having

C. objected to have D. objected to having

11. ______, the chairman closed the meeting.

A. There to be no more business B. There being no more business

C. There be no more business D. There is no more business

1.C 2.B 主句时态为一般过去式 3. C

5. B 6.B 7. D 8. C 10. D

4. A 9. D 11. B there be 非限定形式做介词补足语，通常用being的形式。如果是否定形式，则not否定词应放在整体之前。注意there be 做介词for 的补足语时，常用there to be 的形式。

12. I can’t help ______ (wonder) whether we should risk _________(go) without raincoats.

13. The ____ (fall) snow was frozen hard.

14. A ____ (surprise) factor has been the political energy of the Swiss.

15. Nothing shall deter me from ______ (do) what I think right.

16. He resented ____(ask) to wait. He expected the minister ____(see) him at once.

12. wondering, going, 13. fallen 14. surprising 15. doing 16. asking, to see 翻译：

1. Henry has prepared a party for his girl friend, ___________ (结果却被告知她到时候不能来)

2. 找到去历史博物馆的路)

3. surrounded by the police, the kidnappers ___________ on the spot (没有选择，只能投降)

4. The concerned mother thrilled at the news of___________. (她的儿子被大学入取了)

5. The lecture was so boring that ___________ (学生忍不住打起哈欠)