语法一致,意义一致,就近原则 教案

教学过程

一、课堂导入

老师将下列句子呈现给学生，学生跟着老师读下列句子，注意划线部分。

二、复习预习

教师引导学生复习上节课所学的反意疑问句的概念，用法，以及特殊句型的反意疑问句。 （以提问、回顾的形式进行），针对上节课的作业进行讲评、订正、答疑，并通过反意疑问句的具体用法的分析和扩展导入本节课所要学习的主谓一致原则，特别是意义一致和就近一致等知识点。

三、知识讲解

谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致。

知识点1：语法一致的原则

1. 【考查点】以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数; 主语为复数时，谓语用复数。

如：He goes to school early every morning.

To work hard is necessary for a student.

2. 【考查点】由and 或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。

如：Both he and I are right.

His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.

3. 【考查点】由and 连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.

Each man and each woman is asked to help.

4. 【考查点】主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with 等介词短语，谓语动词仍用单数。如：The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.

Nobody but two boys was late for class.

5．【考查点】一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, police, cattle, clothes 等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。如：A lot of people are dancing outside.

The police are looking for lost boy.

6. 【考查点】有两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

如：Where are my shoes? I can’t find them.

Your trousers are dirty. You’d better change them.

如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则往往用作单数，谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair 的单复数形式。如：Here are some new pairs of shoes.

My new pair of socks is on the bed.

知识点2：意义一致的原则

1. 【考查点】）表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。

如：Twenty years is not a long time.

Ten dollars is too dear.

2. 【考查点】不定代词由all, most, more, some, any, none作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。

如：All of the work has been finished.

All of the people have gone.

3. 【考查点】“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的词组作主语时，其谓语动词要以of 后面的名词而定。名词是复数，谓语动词用复数：名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。

如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.

Three –fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

4. 【考查点】half, the rest等表示不定数量的名词作主语时，如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数；如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数。

如： I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.

Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick.

5. 【考查点】以“定冠词+形容词（或分词）”作主语，往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果这种主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数；如果指的是一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。 如： The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.

知识点3：邻近一致的原则

1. 【考查点】由连词or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。

如：Either you or I am right.

Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.

2. 【考查点】在“There be” 句型中, 谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。

如：There are two apples and one egg in it.

3. 【考查点】以here 开头的句子，其谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。

如： Here is a letter and some books for you.

四、例题精析

【例题1】

【题 干】How time flies! Ten years ________ passed.

A. have B. has C. is D. are

【答案】B

【解析】该题考查的是主谓一致。Ten years通常被看作是一个时间整体，谓语动词用单数形式。

【题 干】Not only his parents but also his brother ________ to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back.

A. have been B. have gone C. has been D. has gone

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查的是主谓一致。如果由not only…but also连接两个并列主语，其谓语动词同相邻的主语保持一致，谓语动词应用单数形式。又因为他们还都没有回来，所以用has gone而不用has been。

【题 干】Look! There _______ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square.

A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deers

C. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers

【答案】A

【解析】该题考查的是主谓一致。这个句子的主语是a number of deer, 是个复数概念，因此谓语动词应用复数形式。（deer 单复数相同）

【题 干】Everyone except Tom and John ____ there when the meeting began.

A. was B. were C. is D. are

【答案】A

【解析】考查主语是单数但是后面跟有介词except 的短语，谓语动词仍然用单数。而从句when the meeting bagan 看出是过去时态，因此选择A 。

五、课堂运用

【基础】

1. They said the eighteenth and last lesson _______ quite easy.

A. is B. was C. are D. were

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查学生对语法一致中的“由and 或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数”这一知识点，the eighteenth and last lesson 是指同一内容。

2. ---When are you going to Kumming for your holidays?

---I haven’t decided. ______ this Sunday ______ next Sunday is OK.

A. Both; and B. Either; or C. Neither; nor D. Not only; but also

【答案】 B

【解析】 本题初看是在考查连词和名词性短语的搭配，但实则考查主谓一致。由题中的谓语动词is 可以知道前面的主语是一个单数形式，因此选项A 排除掉。由题目“I haven’t decided”可以知道，是这周星期天或者下个星期天都可以，则可排除C,D 。

3. _______ of them has his own opinion.

A. Both B. Some C. Every D. Each

【答案】D

【解析】 本题仍然考查主谓一致。由谓语动词

连用。has 可以知道主语是单数，因此A,B 排除掉。Every 不能与of

4. My shirt _____ white and my trousers _____ blue.

A. are; are B. are; is C. is; is D. is; are

【答案】D

【解析】主要考查主谓一致。My shirt是单数，用

is 。my trousers是复数形式，因此用are 。

【巩固】

5. ---Two months _____ quite a long time.

--- Yes. I’m afraid that he will miss a lot of lessons.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查主谓一致中的意义一致原则中的“表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数”two months是一个时间，要看做一个整体。

6. A large number of students _____ to work in Xingjiang.

A. have gone B. has gone C. goes D. is going

【答案】A

【解析】首先找出主语“a large number of students” 是复数形式，因此谓语要用复数形式，只有式。 A 是复数形

7. The bread and the butter ____ their main food.

A. is B. are C. has D. have

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查由and 连接的the bread ，

连接的主语是两个事物，因此用复数。

the butter 做主语时谓语动词的选择。从题意可以知道本题and

【拔高】

8. —How many teachers are there in your school?

— About 150. One third of them ____ men teachers.

A. have B. has C. are D. is

【答案】C

【解析】考查one third of them 后面需要的谓语动词。题目中老师共有150人，而其中的三分之一是男老师，那么谓语需要复数形式，则排除B,D 。本题目中不涉及完成时态，因此A 排除掉。

9. To save time ____ to lengthen life.

A. are B. was C. were D. is

【答案】D

【解析】 不定式做主语，谓语动词用单数。

10. There ____ a football match and two table tennis matches between Class Eight next week.

A. will have B. has C. is going to be D. are gone to be

【答案】C

【解析】there be句型遵循就近一致，a football match是单数，则A,B,D 排除。

课程小结

本节课主要围绕主谓一致的常考点展开，即：语法一直，意义一致和就近一致原则。需要重点掌握这3条主谓一致原则的运用。此外，在中考中经常考查的是就近一致原则和意义一致原则，因此，这个考点也需要重点掌握。

近年中考对语法点的考查往往是与语境想结合，因此，同学在做题时要结合语境来分析题目，灵活地运用语法知识。