2015年英语四级阅读模拟试题及答案解析(精品五)

2015年英语四级阅读模拟试题及答案

（精品试卷五）

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA．,B ．, C． and D．. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people's. In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle--compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.

If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can't find the way to get the right answer. Let's end this nonsense of grades, exams,marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must someday learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.

Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, "But suppose they fail to learn

something essential, something they will need to get in the world?"

Don't worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.

56. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?

A ． By imitating what other people do.

B ． By making mistakes and having them corrected.

C ． By listening to explanations from skilled people.

D ． By asking a great many questions.

57. The passage suggests that learning to speak and leaming to fide a bicycle are __________.

A ． not really important skills

B ． more important than other skills

C ． basically different from learning adult skills

D ． basically the same as learning other skills

58. According to the passage, the author thinks teachers in school should__________.

A ． allow children to learn by himself or herself

B ． point out children's mistakes whenever they're found

C ． correct children's mistakes as soon as possible

D ． give children more book knowledge

59. The author believes the teacher's role in children's learning should be__________.

A ． the identifier and corrector of their errors

B ． their helper and guide

C ． the person to grade their performance and give feedbacks

D ． the person to pass on something essential to them

60. The title of this passage could probably be__________.

A ． Let Teachers Stop Work

B ． Let Us Make Children Learn

C ． Let Children Correct Their Own Papers

D ． Let Children Learn by Themselves

Passage Two

Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet.

Psychologists who study optimization ( 最优化 ) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents (支持者) of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take,they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the

problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent (相关的) considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The

alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision. Since most important problems are multifaceted (多层面的), there are several alternatives to choose from,each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for my college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.

A decision-making worksheet begins with succinct ( 简洁的) statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"

61. Of the following stepsis the one that occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet.

A ． listing the consequences of each solution

B ． calculating a numerical summary of each solution

C ． writing down all possible solutions

D ． deciding which consequences are most important

62. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that__________.

A ． has the fewest variables to consider

B ． uses the most decision worksheets

C ． has the most points assigned to it

D ． is agreed to by the greatest number of people

63. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of__________.

A ． describing a process

B ． classifying different types

C ． providing historical background

D ． explaining a theory

64. The author's attitude towards a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is __________.

A ． neural

B ． approving

C ． ambiguous

D ． biased

65. The passage mainly discusses __________.

A ． a tool to assist in making complex decisions

B ． a comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions

C ． research on how people make decisions

D ． differences between making long-range and short-range decisions

【参考译文】

让孩子学着评价自己的工作。一个学说话的孩子不能靠别人总给他纠正错误来学习：如果被 纠正过多，他就会停止说话。[56]一天到晚，他都在注意自己讲的话跟周围人讲的有什么不同。这样慢慢地．他就自然而然地作出改变，说话跟其他人一样了。 [56][57]同样，孩子学别的东西时，他们也是不用教就能学会：走、跑、爬、吹口哨、骑车——他们会观察那些技术更熟练的人们是怎样做的，对比之后就 会作出必要的改变。但是在学校里，我们从不给孩子们机会让他们自己找出错误，更不用说自己改正了。我们总是替他们全部做好。[58]我们总是表现得好像我 们觉得他们永远不会自己发现错误：非堡我们指出来让他们改正不可。很快孩子就变得依赖老师了。放手让他自己做吧。让他自己解决问题吧，如果他想的话，可以 请其他孩子帮忙：这个单词是什么意思，这个问题该怎样回答，这样说或者这样做是否合适。

如果问题有正确答案，比如可能是数学或者科学问题，那 么把答案给孩子。让他批改自己的试卷。我们老师为何要浪费时间做这样无聊的事情呢?[59]我们的工作应当是在孩子找不到问题的正确答案时给予帮助。让我 们结束毫无意义的评级、考试和分数吧。让我们把这些全都抛开，让孩子学到所有受教育者终有一天都要学到的东西，学着如何思忖自己的理解，如何了解已知的和 未知的知识。

[59]让他们用最适合自己的方式独立学习：如果他们需要，可以寻求老师的帮助。在我们现在这样一个复杂而又快速发展的社会， “学校里有许多知识要学，学到之后就能一生受用”的观点就是胡扯。忧心忡忡的家长和老师说：“但是如果孩子学不到必要的东西，学不到将来进入社会必须要有 的东西，那该怎么办?”不要担心! 如果那些东西很必要，那么以后进入社会他们就会学到的。

【答案解析】

56．A

定位：根据题干信息thebestwayforchildrentolearnthings 可将答案定位到第一段前半部分。

解析：第一段首句提出了文章的论点：“Let

childrenlearntojudgetheirownwork ．(让孩子学着评价自己的工作。)”接着举例说：“一个学说话的孩子一天到晚都在注意自己讲的话跟周围人讲的有什么不同。

这样慢慢地，他就自然而然地作出改变，说话跟其他人一样了。同样，孩子学别的东西时„„他们会观察那些技术更熟练的人们是怎样做的，对比之后就会作出必要的改变。”可见作者认为，小孩最好的学习方法就是模仿别人怎么做。故选A 。

57．D

定位：根据题干信息learningto speak andlearningto ride abicycle可将答案定位到第一段中间部分。

解 析：learningto speak和learningto ride abicycle出现在第一段。作者在说明自己观点的时候，将学说话与学习其他技能(比如走、跑、爬、吹口哨、骑车等) 进行了对比，并且认为孩子学习说话 和学习其他技能的基本方式是一样的，都是通过模仿然后进行自我调整。故选D 。

58．A

定位：根据题干信息teachers in school should 可将答案定位到第一段后半部分。

解 析：第一段后半部分作者建议说：“我们总是表现得好像我们觉得他们永远不会自己发现错误，非得我们指出来让他们改正不可。很快孩子就变得依赖老师了。放手 让他靠自己吧。让他自己解决问题吧，如果他想的话，可以请其他孩子帮忙„„”作者直言不讳，认为应该让孩子们自己发现自己的错误，如果需要的话，也可以请 其他孩子来帮助。指出学生的问题和错误，不可以也不需要老师包办。故选A 。

59．B

定位：根据题干信息the teacher’s role in children’s learning可将答案定位到第二段第四句。

解析：该句提到：“我们的工作应当是在孩子找不到问题的正确答案时给予帮助。”第三段第一句也提到：“让他们用最适合自己的方式独立学习，如果他们需要，可以寻求老师的帮助。”可见，老师的作用主要是在学生的学习过程中对他们进行帮助和指导。

60．D

定位：根据题干信息titleofthispassage 可知解答本题需通观全文。

解 析：文章第一句即提到：“让孩子学着评价自己的工作。”接着，全篇文章都围绕“让孩子自己学习”这个主题展开，提到老师们总是等不及孩子们自己发现问题， 就指出他们的错误并帮助他们改正，其实孩子会观察他人如何做，进行模仿，然后作出改变来使自己的行为、认知与他人更接近。故选D 。

【参考译文】

心理学领域的研究者发现，作出重要决定(比如，该选择哪一所大学，该投资哪笔生意) 的 一个最佳方法就是使用决策工作表单。研究“最优化”的心理学家比较人们实际做的决定和理论上理想的决定，想看看两者之间的相似之处。支持使用工作表单的人 认为，这种方式可以产生“最优化”效果，即最佳决定。尽管工作表单有数种不同的具体形式，但是基本内容却是相同的。[61]工作表单需要人们将问题以清晰 简洁的方式表现出来．然后列出所有可能解决问题的方案。接下来，列出每个解决方案会带来怎样的相关考虑，而且需要确定每项考虑或结果孰轻孰重。需要用数值 来标记每项考虑，来反映其相对的重要性。

[62]通过将这些数值加在一起，运用数学计算的方法就可以作出一个决定。

其中，综合分数最高的解决方案即为最佳选择。

由于一些最重要的问题往往都包含多个层面，因此会有多种备选方案，而每一种方案都各有利弊。

[64]用纸笔作决定的好处就是。相比一般情况下大脑可以理解和记忆的信息，纸笔记录可以使人能处理更多的变量。一般来说，人们同时可以记住七个概念。 当一个方案涉及很多变量及其复杂关系时，工作表单就显得特别有用了。举个现实的例子，我教的大学学生会问“毕业后我要做什么工作呢?”大学毕业生也许会找 一个提供专业培训的工作岗位，也可能想继续深造拿更高的学位或者出国旅行一年。

一个决策工作表单从简洁描述一个问题开始，而这个简洁描述也会 有助于缩小解决方案的范围。分清楚长远目标和短期目标很重要，因为与短期目标相比，长远目标的决定过程通常与之完全不同。如果专注于长远目标，针对上面那 个问题，即将毕业的大学生可能就会这样问：“毕业之后我做什么能够引领我走上成功的职业道路?”

【答案解析】

61．C

定位：根据题干信息occursbeforetheothers,makingadecisionworksheet 可将答案定位到第一段中间部分。

解析：作者在介绍制作决策工作表单的步骤时第一句就提到：“工作表单需要人们将问题以清晰简洁的方式表现出来，然后列出所有可能解决问题的方案。”接下来，每种方案才被逐一分析。可见在四个选项中，C 项在其他步骤之前。故选c 。

62．C

定位：根据题干信息anoptimaldecision 可将答案定位到第一段最后两句。 解析：文中提到，这种工作表单可以产生“最优化”效果，“通过将各种数值加在一起，运用数学计算的方法就可以作出一个决定。其中，综合分数最高的解决方案即为最佳选择。”可见，最好的决定必然是得分最高的选项。故选C 。

63．A

定位：根据题干信息paragraph 1可将答案定位到第一段。

解析：本题考查第一段的写作逻辑。作者在第一段首先提出论点，即使用决策工作表单来作决定是最佳方法之一，接着展开论述，在论述的时候，对这种工作表单的具体使用方法和操作步骤进行了介绍，重点在于描述过程。故选A 。

64．B

定位：根据题干信息a pencil and paper decision—making procedure可将答案定位到第二段第二句。

解析：该句提到：“用纸笔作决定的好处就是，相比一般情况下大脑可以理解和记忆的信息，纸笔记录可以使人能处理更多的变量。”后文也提到，这种借助纸和笔的工作表单在处理很多变量及其复杂关系时有很大帮助。可见，作者对于这种决策方法持支持的态度，故选B 。

65．A

定位：根据题干信息the passage mainly discusses 可知解答本题需通观全文。 解 析：文章首句提到：“作出重要决定的一个最佳方法就是使用决策工作表单”。接着，作者介绍了利用这种工作表单得出最优决定的方法。第二段提到借

助纸笔完成 的工作表单比单纯用头脑记忆更有效，能帮助分析和处理更加复杂的问题。第三段提到这种工作表单要求对问题的描述比较简洁，而且要分清短期目标和长期目标。 可见，文章通篇都是在介绍这种能帮助人们分析复杂问题的决策工作表单。故选A 。