被动语态讲解
初中被动语态语法讲解
(一) 语 态 分 类
英语动词有两种语态. ,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如:
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动,而英语用: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be 的变化上,其形式与系动词be 的变化形式完全一样。以 give 为例,列表如下:
一般现在时:am / is / are + done
一般过去时:was / were + done
一般将来时:shall / will + be done
一般过去将来时:should / would + be done
现在进行时:am / is / are + being + done
过去进行时:was / were + being + done
现在完成时:have / has + been + done
过去完成时:had + been + done
将来完成时:shall / will + have been + done
过去将来完成时:should / would + have been + done [注]被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(三) 常见的八种时态中的被动语态
1. 一般现在时:
(1)People grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice is grown in the south of the country.
2. 一般过去时:
(1)They agreed on the building of a new car factory last m onth.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
3. 一般将来时:
(1)They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
4. 过去将来时:
(1)The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
5. 现在进行时:
(1)The radio is broadcasting English
lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
6. 过去进行时:
(1)The workers were mending the road.
The road was being mended.
7. 现在完成时:
(1)Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. I have been told the sports meeting might be put off.
8. 过去完成时:
(1)When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sol d out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
(四) 含有情态动词的被动语态:
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
(1)You must hand in your compositions after class. Your compositions must be handed in after class.
(五) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用
1. 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by 短语。
“Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ”
2. 突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by 短语。 These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3. 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者,也不是动作的承受者时,这时常用in + 名词作状语,而代替 by 短语。
These cars were made in China.
(六) 主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1) My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner par ty.
主语 谓语 宾语
(2) The school set up a special class to help poor reade rs.
→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
1. 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2. 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词,时态要与原句保持一致。
3. 把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词,在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。
(七) 语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物) 改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人) 前加适当的介词,如上句还可以说:
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:1. 一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词 to ,如:
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise , sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
(1) The book was showed to the class.
(2) My bike was lent to her.
2. 一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词 for, 如:
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get , keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
(1) A new skirt was made for me.
(2) The meat was cooked for us.
(3) Some country music was played for us.
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词,要把它们作为整体看,即把它们看成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有:
不及物动词+ 介词,如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, l ook after, think of, talk about 等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+ 副词:如:bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make o ut, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, tur n down, work out, turn out 等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补) 的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如:
(1) We always keep the classroom clean.
→The classroom is always kept clean.
(2) She told us to follow her instructions.
→We were told to follow her instructions.
注意:在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel 等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to ,但改成被动语态后都带to ,这时不定式为主语补足语,也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.
5. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one 等含有否定意义的不定代词时,被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by 的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如: Nobody can answer this question.
误:The question can be answered by nobody.
正:The question can not be answered by anybody.
6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone 等不定代词时,在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one 作主语,并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如:
They haven't done anything to make the river cl ean.
误:Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean. 正:Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
7. 以who 为主语开头的疑问句,变被动时,用by whom 放在句首: Who wrote the story?
误:Who was the story written?
正:By whom was the story written?
8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物,当它们和well, badly, easily 等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,是不及物动词,用主动表示被动,这时不用被动语态,常见的有:write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如:
(1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
(2)The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
对比:
The books sell well. (主动句)
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn’t cook well. (主动句)
The meat was cooked for a long time. (被动句)
9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句:
第一,感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义,如:feel ,look, seem, taste, sound, remain 等。
第二,谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own 等。如: He entered the room and got his book.
误:The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误:Her hand was had burned.
第三,一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, a dd up to 等。如:
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误:The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四,不及物动词没有被动语态,如:rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie 等。
When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had a lready risen.
误:The sun had already been risen.
After the earthquake, few houses remained.
误:After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五,宾语是反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,v-ing 形式及抽象名词等,不能变为被动句子的主语,如:
I taught myself English.
误:Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
误:Each other is loved.
10. 在汉语中,有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示,例如:
据说„„ It is said that „
据报导„„ It is reported that „
据推测„„ It is supposed that „
希望„„ It is hoped that „ 众所周知„„ It is well known that „
普遍认为„„ It is generally considered that „ 有人建议„„ It is suggested that „
1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electri c lamp.