北师大版英语八年级上册一单元语法及所需掌握短语

北师大版英语八年级上册一单元语法及所需掌握短语

Unit 1 FREE TIME

现在进行时，现在进行时表示将来的用法, 一般过去时，表示频率的副词， like+名词/动名词的用法，打电话的习惯用语，兴趣爱好

语法：

一、现在进行时 主语+be动词+现在分词(动词的ing 形式)+其他 现在分词的构成规则是:

1）大多数动词直接在词尾加-ing ，例如：go-going, work-working, study-studying, look-looking 等。

2）以不发音的e 字母结尾的动词，需去掉e 再加-ing ，例如：make-making, write-writing, skate-skating 等。

3）以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加-ing 。例如：run-running, swim-swimming等。及begin 和 star 符合现在分词构成规则的第三点.listen /lisn/重读在第一个音节上, 不符合第三点, 所以他属于规则变化, 直接加ing 就好了. 至于open 是双写n 加ing 的。

1. 现在进行时的基本用法：

a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：

We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）

c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 等。例如：

The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。

It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

d. 与always, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

2. 现在进行时表示将来的用法

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等表示位置移动的动词现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：

I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？

二、一般过去时

1. 通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。

Eg. Sam phoned a moment ago.

I got up at eight this morning.

2. 还可以表示刚刚发生的事情而没说明时间。

Eg. Did the telephone ring?

Who left the door open?

3. 也可以表示过去的习惯性动作。

Eg. I smoked 40 cigarettes a day till I gave up.

与一般过去时连用的时间状语：

yesterday, last week/Sunday/year, …ago, just now…

eg. I met Lily yesterday.

I went to Dalian last summer.

I was a good student 5 years ago.

He had dinner just now.

一般过去时的构成：

（1）有be 的句子

am/is—was are—were

eg. 肯定句：He was a cook 2 years ago.

They were at school yesterday.

否定句：He was not a cook 2 years ago.

They were not at school yesterday.

一般疑问句： Was he a cook 2 years ago?

Yes, he was. /No, he wasn’t.

Were they at school yesterday?

Yes, they were. /No, they weren’t.

（2）行为动词的一般过去式。

规则动词的变化规则：

①一般动词直接加-ed

②以e 结尾的动词直接加-d

③以辅音字母加y 结尾的变y 为i 再加ed

④以重读闭音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写最后这个辅音字母，再加ed

不规则动词变化需参看不规则动词表逐一熟记。(和一般过去分词一起记忆) 。

基本句式：

词汇：

1.a lot of(lots of)许多（可以和可数名词和不可数名词连用，一般用于肯定句中，在否定句和疑问句中常用many 或much ）

A lot of students went roller-skating yesterday afternoon.

We had lots of homework last week.

2.go to the movies(theater)去看电影（看戏）

Are you going to the theater this evening?

今晚你去看戏吗？

Would you like to go to the movies with us?

你愿意跟我们一块儿去看电影吗？

3.a member of成员之一，一分子

She is a member of the family.

她是家庭的成员之一。

I hear he is a member of the football club.

我听说他是那个足球俱乐部的会员。

4.have a good time过得很愉快，玩得很痛快

Did you have a good time at the party yesterday evening?

昨天的晚会上你玩得痛快吗？

We had a good time at Beidaihe beach in the summer vacation.

暑假里我们在北戴河海滨过得很愉快。

5.enjoy oneself过得快活，玩得痛快

Did you enjoy yourself last Sunday?

上星期日你玩得痛快吗？

All of them enjoyed themselves very much at her birthday party.

在她的生日聚会上他们都玩得非常愉快。

6.What do you think of…?你对……有何想法？你认为……如何？

What do you think of the book?

你认为那本书怎么样？

What do you think of him?

你认为他这个人怎么样？

I think of him as a happy person with lots of friends.

我认为他是个快乐的、有很多朋友的人。

7.take a course(class)学一门课程

He is going to take a French class.

他想修一门法语课。

I want to take a course on the history of European countries.

我想要上欧洲国家史课。

8.help…with帮助……（某人）做……

Can you help me with my homework, Tom?

汤姆，帮我做作业好吗？

Please help me with the work in the garden.

请帮我修整一下花园。

She had a servant to help her with the housework and cooking.

她有一个仆人帮她干家务和做饭。

9.get ready for为……做好准备，准备做……

Have you got ready for the journey?

你做好旅行准备了吗？

They got ready for the attack.

他们已准备发起攻击。

We’d better get ready for leaving here.

我们最好准备离开这里吧。

Has everything got ready for the dinner party?

宴会的一切准备都就绪了吗？

10.take photos拍照，摄影

Photos are forbidden here.

此处禁止拍照。

He took a photo of her behind her back.

他偷偷给她拍了一张照片。

May I take a photo of your sitting room?

我可以拍一张你家客厅的照片吗？

11.go shopping去购物

He has gone shopping.

She went shopping at a supermarket.

她去超级市场买东西去了。

12.on a farm在农场

He works on a farm.

他在农场工作。

They worked on a three-hundred-acre farm when they were young.

他们年轻时曾在一个占地300英亩的农场工作。

13.on one’s own靠自己；独自

Can you finish your homework on your own?

你能自己独立完成家庭作业吗？

I can’t carry the wooden box on my own, it’s too heavy.

我自己扛不动这只木箱，它太重了。

He has lived on his own since last year.

他从去年起就独自一人生活了。

14.on time按时，准时

The plane arrived on time.

飞机准时到达。

Be here tomorrow on time.

明天准时到这儿来。

He is always on time, never keeps you waiting.

他一向准时，从来不会让你等候。

15.arrive at (in)到达

The train arrived at the station on time.

火车准时到站。

When will you arrive at the airport?

你什么时候到达机场？

Please give us a phone call when you arrive in Paris.

到巴黎时请打电话给我们。

特殊疑问词(7W7H)

What 对物品名称或事件进行提问 who 对人物进行提问 where 对地点进行提问 which 对特征进行提问 when对时间进行提问 whose对物品所属进行提问why 对原因进行

How 对方式方法，身体，天气进行提问 how old 对年龄进行提问

how much对价钱或不可数名词的数量进行提问

how long 对+时间段进行提问 how far对距离进行提问

how many 对数量进行提问后加可数名词复数

how soon对+时间段进行提问 how often 对频率进行提问

对指物名词或谓语动词提出疑问，疑问词用what

询问天气。“How +be +the weather...？”与“What +be +the weather like...？”意思相同。例如：

How is the weather today? = What's the weather like today? 今天天气如何？ 1)

①The twins were making a kite when their mother came in. （划线提问） ______ _____ the twins _____ when their mother came in?

②Mrs Turner asked her son to buy some eggs for supper. （划线提问） _______ ______ Mrs Turner ask her son ______ _______ for supper?

2) 对名词前定语提出疑问，疑问词应用which ，而且必须和名词连用。 I'm going to take the shirt on the right.（划线提问）

______ _____ are you going to take?

3) 对指人名词或代词提问用who ，作宾语时提问用whom 。

4) 4)对物主代词和名词所有格提问用whose 。

eg. Li Ping's coat→Whose coat, my father→Whose father

5) 对具体时间提出疑问，如 in the morning,last Sunday等，疑问词用when ；对具体几点钟提问，疑问词应用what time。

6) 对具体地点提出疑问，疑问词应用where 。 The pupils are having a picnic at the foot of the hill. （划线提问） _____ _____ the pupils having a picnic?

7) 对表原因的从句提问，常见的有because 引导的从句，疑问词应用why 。 Xiao Cheng didn't go to the farm with us because he was ill. （划线提问） _______ _____ Xiao Cheng go to the farm with us?

8) 对方式或程度等提出疑问，用疑问词How 。 eg. I usually go to school by bike.

How is that movie? I like it very much.

“How... like...？”与“What... think of...？”如出一辙。例如：

How do you like the film? = What do you think of the film? 你觉得这部电影怎么样？

9) 对数量提出疑问，疑问词为How many，要注意how many必须跟名词的复数形式。 eg. two hundred sheep→How many sheep

10) 对价格提出疑问，疑问词用How much。 eg. I paid fifty yuan for the sweater.

______ ______ did you pay for the sweater?

询问价格。“How much...？”或“How much... cost?”与“What's the price of...？”效果一样。例如：

How much is the computer? = How much does the computer cost? = What's the price of the computer? 这台电脑的价格是多少？

11) 对时间长度提出疑问，疑问词应用How long。 eg. I've worked in that factory for two years. （划线提问）

______ _____ _______ you worked in that factory?

重量、长度、高度、宽度、深度、速度、面积等。“How + 形容词 +...？”与“What's the + 名词 + of ...？”意思相同。例如：

How heavy is that basket of apples? = What's the weight of that basket of apples? 那筐苹果有多重？

注意：与what 句式转换时，how 后的形容词heavy, wide, high, tall, deep, long, fast, large等，须分别转换成对应的名词：weight, width, height, depth, length, speed, size等。其中How tall are you?与What's your height?

12) 对时间频率，如 once a year, twice a week等提问，疑问词用How often。 How often do u visit your grandma?

13) 对具体次数，如 once, twice, three times等提问，疑问词用How many times。 eg. ______ did he call you the day before yesterday?Twice.

A.What time B.How many times C.How much D.How long

14) 对in ＋一段时间提问，疑问词一般用How soon。 eg. Jane and her brother will finish the work in two hours. （划线提问）

_____ _____ _____ Jane and her brother finish the work?

15) 对距离提出疑问，疑问词用How far。 eg. It's about two kilometres from here to the country.（划线提问）

______ _____ _____ _____ from here to the country?

16) 另外，对日期、星期、天气等提出疑问，则分别用

What's the date?

What day is it ? 如果是过去时间，就用was 代替is 。

What's the weather like?

17) 对人口的提问,What's the population of Germany? 德国的人口有多少？population 表示“人口”是一集体名词，have population of 表示“有多少人口”。例如： Our village has population of two hundred of people.

我们村有二百人口。

What's the population of...？”可与“How large is the population of...？”互相转换。例如：

What's the population of the world? = How large is the population of the world? 世界人口是多少？

注意：在把肯定句改成否定句或一般疑问句的时候, 要注意句中是否有already 、some 、something 、somebody 等词，如果有也必须进行改变，already 要改成yet ，some 、something 、somebody 等分别改成any 、anything 、anybody 等。(疑问句表示请求, 建议时应用some. 不是any) 另外，在改成否定句的时候注意把too 改成either,both 改成neither,all 改成none 等. 在改成一般疑问句的时候，常常把第一人称I 、we 改成第二人称you 。

参考答案：

一般疑问句Vs 特殊疑问句：1. ①What row ②How ③Is, Number ④What's ⑤Who's

2. ①Where is Mary? ②What's eleven minus six? ③Are you in the same class? No, we aren't. ④Who's your English teacher?⑤Are the twins twelve now? Yes, they are.

III. 专项训练馆。

1. 根据回答写出相应的问句(一空一词) 。

① -______ ______are the twins in?

-They are in Row 4.

② -______is your father?

-Fine, thank you.

③ -______Li Lei______8?

-No, he is Number 6.

④ -______6 plus 3?

-It's 9.

⑤ -______that, please?

-This is Mr Green.

2. 按要求进行句型转换。

①Mary is at home. (对划线部分提问)

②Eleven minus six is five. (对划线部分提问)

③We're in the same class. (改成一般疑问句并作否定回答)

④My English teacher is Miss Hu.(对划线部分提问)

⑤The twins are twelve now. (改成一般疑问句并作肯定回答)