高中英语非谓语
非谓语考察重点是作状语和定语
非谓语:动词不定式,现在分词和过去分词
1)作主语,-------动词不定式和现在分词
E.g. To learn English well is important=It is.....
Eating regularly and nutritiously is necessary for adolescents.(做主语, 思考: 那两者的区别呢?)
真题。______ how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing
2) 作宾语,----动词不定式和现在分词
E.g. She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
We agreed to meet here but she hasn’t turned up yet.(动词不定式)
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法装一装。
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。
Decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help
E.g. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing the good opportunity. (现在分词)
考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练,否认完成就喜欢。
禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。
Conside r ,suggest/advise,look forward to, excuse/pardon,admit,delay/put off,fancy ,avoid,miss,keep/keep on, practice, deny ,finish,enjoy,forbid,imagine,risk,can ’t help,mind,allow/permit,escape.此外be used to, go back to, stick to, object to,get down to,pay attention to,can ’t stand,give up,feel like,insist on,apologize for, be busy in doing,have difficulty/trouble in doing,have good/wonderful/hard time in doing,spend in doing等动词词组也要用动名词做宾语。
注意1) 既可以接动名词又可以接动词不定式作宾语的动词
Forget ,remember ,regret ,stop ,try ,mean ,go on
2) 在动词allow,permit,advise,forbid 直接接动名词做宾语,但如果有名词或者代词做宾语,则用动词不定式做宾语补足语。
Allow/permit/forbid/advise+sb to do sth/doing sth.
E.g. We don’t allow smoking in the hall.
Her father doesn’t sllow her to go out after 9 in the evening.
3) 作表语
E.g. His aim is to finish his homework by 8 in the evening.
They are excited.
4) 做补语。
E.g. I saw him going into the room.
I felt a great weigh taken off.
重点一:做状语
不定式作状语,表示目的,结果,原因和条件。
E.g. He raised his voice to make himself heard by the students sitting at the back.(目的)
She hurried to the station,only to find that the train had left.(表示出乎意料的结果)
My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.(表示结果)
To have a talk with him, you would like him.(表示条件)
某些形容词作表语,表示喜怒哀乐,后跟不定式表示原因。
E.g I am glad to see you. I ’m sorry to hear about your failure in business.
在带有enough 或too 的句子,也常用不定式作状语,表示程度。
He was too excited to say a word. He is old enough to go to school.
She is too tired to do the work.
注意:动词不动词表示目的时,动词不定式可用“in order to (为了) ”或”so as to(一便) ”+动词原形替代。但so as to 不用于句首。
E.g. He got up early in order to catch the first bus.
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
分词作状语
V-ing(doing) 意义: 与句中主语逻辑上主谓关系,或者与句中谓语动词动作同时发生
Having+v-ed(having done) 意义:与句中主语逻辑上主谓关系,先于谓语动词动作发生
V-ed(done) 意义:与句中主语为逻辑上动宾关系
Being+v-ed(being done) 意义; 与句中主语为逻辑上动宾关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生,一般作原因状语,置于句首。
Having been v-ed(having been done) 意义:与句中主语为逻辑上动宾关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生。
2
分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语保持一致,否则不能构成分词做状语(思考:如果不一致,是什么结构----独立主格)
3)分词作状语的句法功能
表示:(7个)表示时间的粉分词短语可以由while ,when 引出
E.g. When offered help, one often says”Thank you” or “It ’s kind of you”.(时间) Be careful when/while crossing the street.(时间)
Separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any country in the world.(原因)
He glanced at her, noting that though she was tiny,she seemed very healthy. Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.(让步) The teacher came into the lab, followed by some stuidents.(伴随)
例题:______ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.
A. We did not make B. Having not made C. We had not made D. Not
having made
Written in a hurry, __________.
A. Peter made many mistakes in the paper
B. there are many mistakes in the paper
C. we found some mistakes in the paper
D. the paper is full of mistakes.
4) 独立成分作状语
立成分。常见的:generally speaking ,frankly speaking ,judging from/by...,considering,taking....into consideration, to tell you the truth, compared with
E.g. Judging from his accent, he is from the south.
Considering your health,you’d better have a rest.
To tell you the truth, I am a little bit tired.
5) 独立主格结构 非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构(思考和并列句的关系???)
独立主格在意义和功能上相当于状语从句。
独立主格的特点:a. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同,它独立存在 b. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
c.. 独立主格结构一般有逗号和句子分开。
独立主格的构成:名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式
名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语
With/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语
E.g. The test finished(when the test was finished), we began our holiday.
The president assissinated (=After the president was assassinated), the whole country was in deep sorrow.
Weather permitting(= If the weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.
He came out of the library,(with) a thick book under his arm.
重点二:作定语
不定式做定语
1) 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或者代词是不定时动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面需要有相应的介词
但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time ,place 或way 时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省略。 E.g. He had no place to live(in).
2) 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或者代词是不定式动作的承受者,不定式既可以用作主动语态,也可以用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较:
E.g. Have you got anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”)
Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(to be sent的动词执行者是“我”或“别人”)
3)用不定式作定语的几种情况:
(1)不定式表示将来。
E.g. The car to be bought is for his sisiter.
(2)用来修饰被序数词,最高级或no ,all ,any 等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
E.g. He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
(3)用来修饰的词是抽象名词,常见的有ability ,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time 等。
Do you have the ability to read and write in English?
I have no chance to go sightseeing.
分词作定语
1. 作定语的及物动词分词形式为:现在分词,being+过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与动词为主动关系时,用现在分词;当被修饰的名词与动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。
The house being built are for the teachers.(被动,正在进行)
“Things lost never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.(被动,完成)
2. 作定语的不及物动词的分词形式:v-ing 和过去分词。
V-ing 表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。
Boiling water 沸腾的水 boiled water烧开过的水(白开水)
Falling leaves正在下落的叶子 fallen leaves已经落下的叶子
易混易错
一. To be done,done和being done作定语的区别
To be done表示被动和将来;done 表示被动和完成;being done表示被动和正在进行。 表被动完成)
Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one. 练习
1. The book______(publish) last year is very popular with young people.
2. My mother walked in and sat at the table_____(reserve) for customers.
二. 分词和不定式作宾补的区别
1. 感官动词see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,notice等和使役动词have 的宾补情况有两种:a) 当宾语与宾补之间存在逻辑上的主动关系时,需要用动词原形(不带to 的动词不定式)及doing (现在分词一般主动式)。不带to 的动词不定式表示完成,doing 表示正在进行;b) 当宾语与宾补之间存在逻辑上的被动关系时,需用过去分词及being done (现在分词一般被动式),过去分词表完成或没有一定的时间性,being done表正在进行。 I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room.
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room. I ’d like to see the plan carried out.(被动,没有一定的时间性)
注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成或状态。
I looked down and found my necklace gone.
I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.
2. 使役动词let 后加复合宾语
(1)let+宾语+do 让... 做...
(2) let+宾语+be done 让.... 被做
Don ’t let your child play with matches.
My father just had an operation and the doctor hasn’t let me see him yet.
Let the work be done immediately.工作要马上去做
练习
1. At that moment I saw him____(cross) the road.
2. I was glad to see the children well_____(take) care of.
3. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found_____(smoke) in the kitchen.
3.leave 后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,意为“使.... 处于某种状态”
a) leave sb/sth doing 让某人/某物一直做某事(宾语和宾补之间是逻辑上的主动关系,表示动作正在进行)
b) leave sth undone留下某事未做(宾语和宾补之间是逻辑上的被动关系,表示被动和完成,一般以undone ,unfinished ,unsettled,untouched )
c) leave sb to do sth留下某人做某事,leave sth to be done留下某事要做(不定式表示将来的动作)
E.g. It’s wrong to leave the machine running.
The guest left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious. He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.(被动将来)
4. Have,get后接不定式,现在分词,过去分词三种形式作宾语补足语,“使,叫,让”
1)have sth done=get sth done 使/让某事由别人去做(叫别人去做某事) E.g. I’ll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.
此外,have sth done还表示“使... 遭受.... ”
E.g. Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was on holiday.
2) have sb/sth doing 使某人物持续地做(现在分词表主动,正在进行) Get sb/sth doing使某人/物开始做
E.g. The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 注意:have sb doing若用于否定句中,have 有“容忍”之意
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
3) have sb do sth. Get sb to do sth叫某人去做某事
E.g. Mother had me/got me to go to the shop and buy some salt.
练习
1. He left the office in a hurry,______(leave) his work unbfinished.
2. Mr. Brown was disappointed to see the washing machine he had had_____(repair) went wrong again.
3. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car_____(wash). 非谓语动词选择三大原则:1)确定逻辑主语
2)确定非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的主动和被动
3)确定非谓语动词和谓语动词的动作先后关系
Exercise
1. I got to the office earlier that day,______ the 7:30 from New York.
A. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D.having caught
2. Do speak loudly when_____ yourself understood well.
A. listen to B. listening to to make
C. listened to to make D. listening to be made
3. ----You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
----Well,now I regret____ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
4. Faced with a bill of $10,000,_________.
A. John has taken an extra job
B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken
D. an extra job has been given taken
5. _______ to nuclear radiation,even for a short time, may influence genes in human bodies.
A. Exposed B. Being exposed C. To expose D. Having exposed
6. The new bridge under construction,______ twice as long as the old one, is due to be completed next month.
A. measures B. measuring C. measured D. to measure
7. What ’s the chance of______ a general election this year?
A. there being B. there to be C. there be D. there going to be
8. I will be surprised if you can get Calvin, who is very busy,____ these tickets for you.
A. buy B. buying C. buys D. to buy
9. Easy_____ by car,bus,train,bike or on foot, Warwick Castle is surrounded by historical building and many attractions.
A. to reach B. reached C. reaching D. to be reached
10. Studies show the MP3 people have made much use of____ music may be causing hearing loss for many people.
A. enjoy B. to enjoy C. enjoying D. enjoyed
11. After being criticized by her mother, she spoke out the words_____ in her hearts for many years,tears_____ her eyes.
A. Having hidden;filling B. Hidden;filled
C. Hiding;being filled D. Hidden; filling
12. I remembered_____ the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked
13. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves_____ for words.
A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost
14. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from______ in the South China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacked C. being attacked D. having been attacked
15. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and______ to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced
16. You can’t accept an opinion_____ to you unless it is based on facts.
A. offering B. to offer C. having offered D. offered
17. When it comes to______ in public, no one can match him.
A. speak B. speaking C. being spoken D. be spoken
18. The lecture_____, a lively question-and-answer session followed.
A. being given B. having given C. to be given D. having been given
19. Group activities will be organized after class_____ children develop team spirit.
A. helping B. having helped C. helped D. to help
20. _____ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.
A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base
答案:1-5 DCDAB 6-10 BADAB 11-15 DBBCC 16-20 DBDDB