分词独立结构
分词独立结构 (absolute participle construction)
(1) 分词作状语,其动作主体一般就是句子的主语。但有时不是这样,有时这个分词可以带上自己的主语,构成一个“主语 + 分词”的特殊结构,称为“分词独立结构”,意义上相当于句子里的原因、条件、伴随情况等状语。即:
(主语)(现在分词结构) (主语) (现在分词结构)
(主语)(过去分词结构) (主语)(过去分词结构)
A typhoon attacking the airport, a number of flights have been canceled.
(台风袭击航空港,一批航班已被取消。)
Our factory has expanded, its annual output increasing at a tremendous speed.
(我们的工厂已扩充,年产量迅速增加。)
The airport attacked by a typhoon, a number of flights have been cancelled.
(航空港受台风袭击,一批航班已被取消。)
Everything considered, we should say your proposal is not feasible.
(作了一切考虑之后,我们应该说你的建议并不可行。)
(2)分词独立结构可以在前面带上with 。如:
With a typhoon attacking the airport, a number of flights have been cancelled.
(台风袭击航空港,一批航班已被取消。)
With the airport attacked by a typhoon, a number of flights have been cancelled.
(航空港受台风袭击,一批航班已被取消。)
(3)分词独立结构里的分词是being 时,有时可以省略。如:
The typhoon over, everything has returned to normal.——本来是the typhoon being over,省略了being 。
(台风过去了,一切已恢复正常。)
With the typhoon over, everything has returned to normal.——本来是with the typhoon being over 。
(台风过去了,一切已恢复正常。)
有关分词的其它一些问题
(1)“being….. 结构”和“having……” 结构作状语
①“being…..”结构作状语有两种情况:一种是“being +过去分词”结
构,也就是现在分词一般式的被动形式。这种结构作状语,常可和时间状语从句相应。如:
Being heated to 100℃, the water began to evaporate.
(被加热到100℃时,水开始蒸发。)
When it was heated to 100℃, the water began to evaporate. 另一种是“连系动词being +补语”结构,其中being 是连系动词be 的现在分词形式。这种结构作状语,时常表示“作为…..”的意思,或是表示原因,因而常可和原因状语从句相应。如
Being students, we have to study hard.
(作为学生,我们应当努力学习。)
As we are students, we have to study hard.
Being not as attractive, VCRs have given place to DVDs.
(因为吸引力没那么高,VCR 已经让位给了DVD 。)
As they are not as attractive, VCRs have given place to DVDs.
②“having……”结构作状语也有两种情况:一种是“having +过去分词”
结构,也就是现在分词的完成式。这种结构作状语,时常可以和原因状语从句或时间状语从句相应, 如:
Having graduated from an engineering college, he is well qualified to be a civil engineer.
As he has graduated from an engineering college, he is well qualified to be a civil
engineer.
(由工程学院毕业,他完全由资格担任土木工程师。)
Having got his M.S. degree, he went on to work for a Ph.D.
After he had got his M.S. degree, he went on to work for a Ph.D.
(取得理科硕士学位后,他继续攻读博士学位。)
另一种是“及物动词having +宾语”结构,其中having 是及物动词have (“有、吃”) 的现在分词形式。这种结构作状语,时常表示原因,而可以和原因状语从句相应。如 Having no calculator with me, I had to borrow one from my classmate.
As I had no calculator with me , I had to borrow one from my classmate.
(身边没有计算器,我不得不向同班同学借用。)
Having no work experience, my cousin finds it difficult to get a good job.
As my cousin has no work experience, he finds it difficult to get a good job.
(由于没有工作经验,我的表兄觉得很难找到好工作。)
(2)a used computer 和the computer used
① a used computer指一台“用过的、旧的”计算机,the computer used 指“使用中的” 计算机。原因是:有些像used 这样的过去分词,用作前置定语时,可说已基本上转变成形容词,具有形容词的意义;而作后置定语时,则还保留若干的动词意义。因此两处的意义有所不同。
② 其它类似的词,如:
at a given date (given = 特定的)
the date given in the calendar (given = 给出)
a concerned look (concerned = 关心的)
all people concerned (concerned = 有关的)