如何写正确的句子

第一节 如何写正确的句子

英语写作历来是我国学生在英语学习中的一大难点。在写作过程中，经常出现语法错误，用词不当，结构松散，文体混淆，使人无法了解作者的意图。要想做好英语写作，首先应当从学习撰写英语句子入手。英语句子是英语文章的基础，只有句子写好了，才能组成好的段落，进而组成好的文章。因此，写出正确的句子是英文写作必不可少的基本功。

英语句子写不好究其主要原因还是词汇方面和语法方面的问题。要想写出地道、正确、达意的英语句子，需要作者具有多方面的英语基本句法知识和技能，这些基本的句法知识和技能包括：句子成分、句子种类、动词基本句型、词的正确搭配、句型转换、标点符号、语句倒装等。此外，还要掌握英语句子的基本撰写原则，并熟知中国人撰写英语句子时常常出现的错误或偏差，以便在自己的写作中避免。

1、动词是构成句子的核心部分，如果动词有误，将会造成意思难以理解，如以下病句：

1) He laid on the bed, watching television.

2) Even though Mary has been studying French for two years before she came here, it

is still difficult for her to write a complete sentence.

显然，1）中的错误在于混淆lie 和lay 的过去式，lie 的过去式应为lay ，而非laid 。2）中的错误在于时态不清，应将has been studying 改为had been studying，因为 be studying发生在came 之前，过去的过去，应用过去完成时态。英语动词包括规则动词和不规则动词，并有时态、语态等的变化，因此在句子中使用动词的正确形式，是保证句子正确的关键之一。

2、在写作中，常常需要使用比较结构。比较结构既包括形容词和副词的比较级、最高级以及“as …as ”“not as … as”的同级比较，也包括本身含有比较意味的词或词组。在此结构写作中，要注意比较级和最高级的正确构成形式以及比较对象的出现。如以下病句：

1) He is concerned about football than his study.

2) She feels more better now than yesterday.

3) The Yangtze is biggest river in our country.

3、英语中主语和谓语无法保持一致，很容易造成句子出错。如以下病句：

1) The football team consist of 20 players.

2) The species of rose are very rare.

3) The secretary and manager were present at the conference.

4) Both the management and the labor has agreed to present.

5) No teacher and no student are admitted.

英语中存在有名词的单复数形式和动词第一人称复数、第三人称单数等数的概念，而其一致性问题往往容易被忽视，从而造成句子出错。

1、 主语和谓语的一致

（1） 集合名词做主语，如表示整体概念则用单数谓语形式，如表示成员则用复数谓

语形式。比较：

The basketball team is made up of 20 players.这个篮球队由20名成员组成。

The basketball team are having a bath now.篮球队员们正在洗澡。

常见的这部分名词有:

army,audience,class,club,committee,company,crowd,couple,family,group,governmen

t,staff,team,public 等。而有些复合名词如: people, police, youth, cattle等，总是跟

复数动词形式。例如：

The police have caught the criminal.警察抓住了罪犯。

（2） 单复数同形的名词做主语，要根据意义来决定谓语的形式。常见的这部分的名

词有：deer, fish, means, sheep, species , series, crossroads等。例如：

The species of fish are numerous.鱼的种类繁多。

The species of sheep is very rare.这种绵羊很稀有。

（3） “the+形容词”做主语，如表示一类可数的人或事物使，谓语动词用复数；如

表示一类不可数的事物时，谓语动词用单数。例如：

The disabled are well looked after by the government.政府对残疾人照顾得很好。

（4） 表示成双成队东西的名词，如果被a pair of 修饰，要求谓语动词用单数；否则，

谓语动词用复数。例如：

These glasses are made in Beijing.这些眼镜是北京生产的。

This pair of glasses is made in Beijing. 这副眼镜是北京生产的。

（5） 用and 连接的两个名词做主语，遵循意义一致的原则。如果指同一个人或物时，

用单数谓语形式；如果指不同的人或物，则用复数谓语形式。例如：

The manager and director was present at the meeting. 经理兼书记出席了会议。

The manager and the director were present at the meeting. 经理和书记出席了会议。

（6） 用both …and 连接两个名词做主语，谓语用复数形式。例如：Both the manager and

the director have agreed to be present. 经理和书记都已同意出席。

（7） 如果名词前有each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语用单数形式。例如：

No adult and no child is admitted. 成人、儿童一律不得入内。

Many a boy and many a girl has watched the football match. 许多女孩和男孩都看

了这场足球赛。

（8） 单数名词+with，along with，together with，combined with，as well as，rather than

等所跟的名词做主语时，要遵循语法一致的原则，谓语仍用单数形式。例如：

John as well as his parents was invited to the party. 约翰以及他的父母一起被邀请

参加晚会。

（9） 由or ，either …or ，neither …nor ，not only…but also等连接的名词或代词做主语

时，谓语要符合邻近原则，与邻近的主语保持一致。例如：Neither I nor he is to

blame. 我和他都不该受责备。

2、 名词和代词的一致关系

代词与其所代替或修饰的名词（或另一个代词）在人称和性别上，必须保持一致。

（1） 错：Those of us who are over fifty years old should get their blood pressure

checked regularly.

对：Those of us who are over fifty years old should get our blood pressure

checked regularly.

译文：我们中五十岁以上的人应该定期地检查血压。

（2） 错：Each of us wants to feel I have the ability to do something that is

meaningful and that stands outside of us.

对：Each of us wants to feel he has the ability to do something that is

meaningful and that stands outside of us.

译文：我们中人人都愿意觉得他有能力从事有意义的存在于自身之外的工

作。

（3） 错：In spite of its small size, these cameras can take very good pictures.

对：In spite of their small size, these cameras can take very good pictures.

译文：这些相机的体积虽小，但是能够拍很好的照片。

注：在英语中，表示国家、船只等事物的名词一般被看作是阴性的，所以常常用

she, her等来代替。例如：Germany has decided to increase her trade with France.

德国决定增加其对法国的贸易。

3、 主语与状语逻辑主语的一致

表示时间、条件以及伴随情况等状语的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，否则意义就会含混不清。例如：

错：After finishing his speech, the audience was invited to ask questions.

对：After finishing his speech, he invited the audience to ask questions.

译文：他发了言以后，邀请听众提问题。

4、 同等成分的一致

句子中的同等成分应该在结构上保持一致， 否则会使句子不协调；在比较结构中，被比较的同等成分常用that 代替前面的单数名词，用those 代替复数名词。例如：

（1） 错：Collecting stamps, playing piano and to catch butterflies are Linda’s hobbies. 对：Collecting stamps, playing piano and catching butterflies are Linda’s hobbies. 译文：集邮，弹琴和捉蝴蝶是琳达的爱好。

（2） 错：The students in that school are fewer than our school.

对：The students in that school are fewer than those in our school.

译文：那个学校的学生比我们学校的学生少。

4. 英汉思维方式不同，导致产生中式英语问题。

由于受到汉语语意思维和表达方式的影响，在英语写作中，学习者往往受汉语表达习惯 的影响，甚至有些学生先用汉语想好一个句子，然后再将它们翻译成汉语，从而写出不符合英语习惯的中国式英语。例如：

1) Too much smoking has many harms for our health.

2）Money can buy many things.

3）Why the boys are so noisy this afternoon?

4）There are many students like to collect stamps.

第二节 如何正确使用标点符号及大小写

只有标点符号和大小写使用正确，表意才能准确。

1、 标点符号

（1） 英语和汉语标点符号的用法大致相同，每一个句子结尾都要用句号、问号或者

惊叹号等，但也存在有差异。比方说：英语的句号是一个实心的点“. ”，而汉

语的句号是一个空心的圈“。”。

错：She is never late for school。

对：She is never late for school.

译文：她上学从来不迟到。

（2） 并列分句之间须用连接词连接，如“and ”；如果不用连接词，必须用分号“；”。

一般情况下，不可用逗号连接两个分句。例如：

错：Tom dropped the vase, it was broken.

对：Tom dropped the vase and it was broken.

对：Tom dropped the vase; it was broken.

译文：汤姆把花瓶打破了。

（3） 英语中没有顿号，因此在汉语中用顿号的场合，在英语中须用逗号。例如：

错：I bought some writing paper、envelopes and stamps.

对：I bought some writing paper, envelopes and stamps.

译文：我买了一些纸、信封和邮票。

（4） 英语中的省略号是三点“…”，而汉语中的省略号是六点“……”。例如：

错：My favorite books are ……

对：My favorite books are …

译文：我喜爱的书有……

2、 大小写

在英语写作中，要注意书写问题。英语句子的首字母，即：第一个单词的第一个字母，必须大写，其后的并列分句及从句的首字母不再大写。英语中的专有名词始终都必须大写，不管是在句首还是在句中。例如：

（1） 错：there are five people in my family.

对：There are five people in my family.

译文：我家有五口人。

（2） 错：Generation gaps exist in the united states as well as in china.

对：Generation gaps exist in the United States as well as in China.

译文：代沟美国有，中国也有。

第三节 如何正确使用冠词

在英语中，名词前面往往要使用限定词，对名词起泛指，特指，不定量或定量等限定功 能。冠词是最常见的限定词，可分为不定冠词a （n ），定冠词the 和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种。

不定冠词a （n ）用于单数可数名词前，表示泛指，说明其名称和种类。以辅音音素开头的名词（或词组）前用a ；以元音音素开头的名词（或词组）前用an （注意：不是元音字母）。具体用法如下：

（1） 表示“一个”人或事物。例如：a child 一个小孩，但是当强调“一”时，

则用“one ”。例如：I want to buy one book, not two. 我要买一本，不是两本。

（2） 表示“一类”人或事物。例如：A teacher is one who teaches in school. 教师

是在学校教书的人。

（3） 某些固定搭配中要求用不定冠词。常见的有：

all of a sudden 突然 as a rule 通常

as a result 因此 as a whole 一般地说

at a loss 不知所措 come to an end 结束

have a good time 玩得高兴 have a rest 休息一会儿

have a cold 感冒 have a word with 与…谈话

in a hurry 匆忙地 in a way 有些

in a word 总之 keep an eye on 注意着

lend a hand 帮忙 make a living 谋生

make a fool of 愚弄… make a fortune 发财

make a study of 研究 put an end to 为了

take a walk 散步 take an interest in 对…感兴趣

定冠词the 用于各类名词（可数名词单、复数和不可数名词）前，表示特指，译为“这”“那”。具体用法如下：

（1） 表示叙述中第二次提到的或双方都知道的人或事物。例如：Open the window,

please.

（2） 表示世界上独一无二的事物，以及表示江、河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠

等地理名称。例如：the universe（宇宙），the Pacific Ocean（太平洋）。

（3） 用于被限定意味较强的定语（尤其是定语从句和of 短语结构）修饰的名词

前。例如：the history of China（中国历史），the students in the classroom（教

室里的学生）

（4） 用于单数可数名词前表示种类。例如：The telephone was invented by Bell.

（电话是贝尔发明的。）

（5） 用于西洋乐器名称前，表示演奏某种乐器。例如：play the piano（弹钢琴）

（6） 用在某些形容词前，表示一类人或事物。例如：the rich （富人），the true

（真的东西）。

（7） 用在姓氏的复数形式和民族名称前，表示全家和整个民族。例如：The Smiths

are sitting at breakfast table. （史密斯一家正在吃早饭。）The Chinese are a

brave and hardworking people. （中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。）

（8） 用于人体某一部位的名词前。例如：I took the little boy by the hand. （我拉

住那个小男孩的手。）

（9） 某些固定搭配中要求用定冠词。常见的有：

by the way 顺便说一下 in the air 在空中

in the dark 在暗处 in the distance 在远处

in the morning 在上午 in the end 最终

in the open 在露天 in the sun 在阳光下

on the air 广播 on the average 平均

on the contrary 相反 on the right 在右边

on the rise 增长 on the fall 下降

on the spot 当场 on the whole 总的来说

out of the question 不可能 to the point 切题

零冠词表示名词的泛指或一般概念。例如：Honesty is the best policy. （诚实为上策）。在季节名称、法定假日、球类运动、棋类游戏、语言名称、一日三餐名词前，用零冠词；独一无二的头衔、职位或身份的名词用做表语、补语或同位语时，用零冠词。例如：

（1）Summer is coming. 夏季来到了。

（2）National Day is approaching. 国庆节即将来临。

（3）The boys are playing football. 孩子们在踢足球。

（4）English is an international language. 英语是一门国际语。

（5）When will lunch be ready? 午餐什么时候准备好？

（6）He was appointed Chairman. 他被任命为主席。

某些固定搭配中要求用零冠词，常见的有：

go to school上学 at school在学校 after school 放学后 go to bed 睡觉 in bed在床上 day by day日复一日 by way of 途经 by chance 意外地 by nature天生地 by mistake 错误地 for instance 例如 for example例如 from time to time不时地 in case 以防万一 in fact 事实上 in memory of为纪念… keep pace with 跟上…步伐

在实际写作过程中，光是掌握理论知识是完全不够的，还得进行大量的实践，才能熟能生巧。

第五节 如何在写作中串联思想（即过渡）

过渡是使文章连贯、结构严谨的一种手段。一篇文章一定会有许多层次，而层次之间 如果没有过渡性的字、词、句、段，就不能衔接贯通，浑然一体。正确使用过渡来串联思想，可以使文章结构舒展，内容流畅，也能正确表达作者的思想，使文章中的句子逻辑关系更加清楚，这样读者能自然地跟踪作者的思路，理解作者的意图。

过渡的方法，大致有以下几种。

1、关联词语过渡

段落之间或层次之间的意思跳跃不大时，是一种小的过渡。过渡性词语常常用于句首，以便和前面的句子相连接，但也可用于句中，尤其是用于较长的复杂句中。过渡性词语能以多种方式沟通和建立前后句子之间意义上的联系。常用的过渡性词语有以下一些。

（1）表示进一步说明或强调的过渡性词语，这类词语有：

Further to repeat also furthermore indeed

In fact besides in particular moreover

Too in addition in other words to put it

Another way that is

例：

1） This is easily seen when you think about how it gets cooler after the sun goes down, and is

coolest just before it comes up the next morning.

2） The quality and quantity of an individual’s material possessions became an accepted measure

of success and social status. Moreover , as we shall see in later chapters, the Puritan work ethnic associated material success with godlikeness.

3） Americans buy hundreds of millions of self-help books a year, and typically, half of the New

York Times best-seller list of nonfiction books are related to self-help. In addition to that , Americans attend thousands of self-help seminars and support group meetings.

4） The people chosen for the poll are supposed to represent a broad cross-section of the

American population; that is , the pollsters choose men and women of different ages, occupations, occupations, and races in the same proportion that these groups are found in the population.

5） You say you took the book without his permission, in other words, you stole it.

（2）表示比较或对比的过渡性词语，这类词语有：

similarly unlike regardless instead

like despite however but

though still although yet

otherwise whereas even so rather than

on the other hand by comparison on the contrary in contrast

in spite of somehow nevertheless in fact

例：

1） There was never any question in my mind that I would go to a college away from home.

My mother’s idea, on the other hand, was just the opposite.

2） I ’ve tried desperately to explain to my students that the image they have of me as an

enthusiastic devotee of books and homework during my childhood was a bit out of focus. On the contrary, I hated compulsory education with a passion.

For Americans, the idea of individual freedom is strongly positive. By contrast, people from many other cultures regard some of the behavior Americans justify as “individual freedom ” to be self-centered and lacking in consideration for others.

Amanda, studying English at Bristol University, acted in plays at her school and played tennis regularly. Yet she still managed to get four A’s. 3） 4）

5） A Japanese-style conversation, however , is not at all like tennis or volleyball, it ’s like

bowling.

（3）表示时间顺序或结果的过渡性词语，这类词语有：

before now next later finally

just then then until meanwhile earlier

after that in time at first at last while

from then on eventually ever since still

例：

1） Before , with both man and wife working, there was not always this kind of

problem. But now all changed.

2） First think, then act.

3） They will be here in ten minutes, meanwhile we ’d better have some coffee.

（4）表示限定意义或引出例子的过渡性词语，这类词语有：

that is namely for example for instance such as for one thing to illustrate

例：

1） Class participation is a matter of showing intellectual curiosity. In a lecture on

economics, for example, curious students would ask how the Chinese economy

could be both socialist and market-driven.

This, experts said, could create dangerous changes to global weather patterns.

For instance, it could change annual amounts of rainfall, swell or dry up rivers,

and raise the level of the seas.

（5）表示因果关系的过渡性词语，这类词语有：

because since as for thus

so so that as a result for this reason therefore

then consequently eventually hence

例：

1） If I’m worried about a sick friend, I call her before I start my homework. Then when

I sit down to study, I can really focus. 2）

2） Different cultures have different communication styles. So , when communicating

with people from other cultures, you need an understanding of each other’s culture

as well as language in common.

Children have not yet acquired either the faculty of reason or the wisdom of

experience. Consequently , they are defenseless and blameless.

Although Americans provide a lot of financial support to people in need through

charities or government programs, they expect that help to be short-lived. Eventually ,

people should take care of themselves. 3） 4）

Self-discipline was often defined as the willingness to save and invest one’s money

rather than spend it on immediate pleasures. Protestant tradition, therefore , may

have played an important part in creating a good climate for the industrial growth of

the United States.

（6）肯定情况属实的过渡性词语，这类词语有：

no doubt of course in fact doubtless naturally

undoubtedly surely certainly without a doubt

例：

1） Americans see themselves as separate human beings who have their own opinions

and who are responsible for their own decisions. Indeed , American child-rearing

manuals state that the parents’ objective is for the child to move out of the parents’

house and make his or her own way in life.

She is so popular among the students, no doubt, she is one of the best teachers in the

school.

（7）表示结论和概括意义的过渡性词语，这类词语有：

to conclude to sum up in short on the whole in summary in conclusion in brief in a word

例：

1） The teacher, in sum, has done a good job.

2） In brief, it has been an exciting day.

2. 用承上启下的句子过渡

这种过渡大致分为三种情况。第一种是承上过渡，即在记叙或议论之后，用几句话对所记事物或议论的问题，作一个归纳性的小结。这是一种由分到合的写法。第二种是启下过渡，即在记叙或议论过后，不再作承上归纳小结，而直接用几句话启引下文。这是一种由合到分的写作。第三种是既承上又启下，即在记叙或议论之后，用一句话，既对上文作归纳，又对下文做启引。这种过渡常用于段末句或段首句。

下面这个段落的最后一句话起了总结上文的作用，是一种承上过渡。

Perhaps my bike is representative of a world gone by: the world before gimmicks and gadgets, accessories and attachments. A time when people thought in terms of setting into a cushioned seat, stopping the movement with their heel and traveling a bit slower than we are traveling now. My bike is certainly not built for speed, but who needs speed when I can coast along the streets, hold my head high and deliciously feel the wind on my face? My bike is built for taking time. It makes people feel relaxed.

下面这个段落第一句话的作用是启引下文，是一种启下过渡。

Zoos are maintained for the education and enjoyment of visitors and for scientific word with animals . Many of the animals are from parts of the world where the visitors are not likely to travel. 2） 5）

Zoos exhibit such well-known animals as lions, bears, and monkeys; many also include interesting local animals. In modern zoos, animals are kept in habitats that are as nearly natural as possible. Zoos serve an important function as sanctuaries for rare, wild animals.

下面这段文字的最后一句话起的是承上启下的作用。它既总结了前面一段所述的“我的破自行车在一些人中引起了共鸣”，又为下一段陈述引起共鸣的原因埋下了伏笔。

But really, what is it that people are admiring? Are they admiring me for resisting the lure of mass bicycle consumerism? I must look like an eyesore pedaling behind my family, who all ride the latest model of mountain bike. On the other hand, maybe people are just genuinely curious, as they would be if confronted with a dinosaur bone. I never get the feeling that they think I’m crazy for riding something so old when I could be fussing with gears and having a presumably easier timer of things. My bike seems to touch a sensitive chord in people, and I’m not quite sure what or why that is.

3. 用过渡段

大的过渡要用过渡段，比如下面这段文字。

There ’s yet another major factor in this bond between Asian parents and their children. During the 15 years I lived in China, Japan, and Vietnam, I noticed that Asian parents in the United States. When I let my baby daughter crawl on the floor, for example, my Chinese friends were horrified and rushed to pick her up. We think this constant attention is old-fashioned or even unhealthy, bit for Asians, it’s highly effective.

Can we learn anything from the Asians? “I’m not naïve enough to think everything in Asia can be transplanted,” says Stevenson. But he offered three recommendations. “To start with,” he says, “We need to set higher standards for our kids. We wouldn ’t expect them to become professional athletes without practicing hard.”

第一章 段落写作

第一节 因果法

在我们的日常生活中，许多事物之间存在着因果关系。分析因果关系是我们常用的一种 写作方法。因果关系段落写作，有两种基本方法。

第一种方法是先陈述结果，即以结果为开头句，段落的剩余部分阐述引起此结果的原因。假如主题句为： “In the past few years, higher education has become less important to young people than it was previously.” 这是一个结果句，后面的句子应该陈述这一结果的起因，比如：激烈竞争的压力，就业机会不错，大学所学的大部分知识业已过时等等。

第二种方法是先陈述原因，然后陈述或预测其结果。假如主题句为：“More and more fertile land in China is taken up by new buildings.”这是一个原因句，后面的句子应该陈述这一原因可能所导致的结果，比如说：谷物产量减少，环境污染增多，太多农民离开乡村奔赴城市等等。

请看下列段落分析：

When I went to senior middle school, I was eager to continue studying English; however, my experience in senior school was very different from before. While my former teacher had been patient with all students, my new teacher quickly punished those who gave incorrect answers. Whenever we answered incorrectly, she pointed a long stick at us and, shaking it up and down, shouted, "No! No! No!" It didn't take me long to lose my eagerness to answer questions. Not only did I lose my joy in answering questions, but also I totally lost my desire to say anything at all in English.