直接引语和间接引语讲与练
直接引语和间接引语
引述别人的原话叫直接引语,用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。一这两种引语都是宾语从句,但直接引语放在引号内,不用连词连接;间接引语不用引号,通常用连接词与主句连接.
典型例句:1. She said ,” I like English very much. “ (直接引语)
(她说:“我非常喜欢英语”。)
典型例句:2. She said she liked English very much. (间接引语)
人称变化可以遵循如下顺口溜“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新”。
“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化
Eg :She said. “My brother wants to go with me.”
→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人“你”所修饰,从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称 Eg :He said to Kate,"How is your sister now?"
→He asked Kate how her sister was then.
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化
Eg :Mr. Smith said,“Jack is a good worker.”
→Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.
1.Miss Gao said,“I like living here.”
.
2.He said,“I‟ll go tomorrow.”
.
3.My mother said:“I am going to make dumplings”.
__________________________.
4.She said:“I do homework every day.”____________________________________.
5.He said:“
I will play basketball this night.”
直接引语在改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的调整。其基本法则和我们刚刚学过的宾语从句的时态变化一致,也就是说从句时态要和主句时态一致。如果从句是过去时,主句要向后退一格时态,变成一种过去时。
1. She said. “I have lost a pen.” →She said she had lost a pen.
2. She said. “We hope so.” →She said they hoped so.
3. She said,“He will go to see his friend。”
→She said he would go to see his friend. (一般将来 → 过去将来)
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
Eg : “The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth”, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。 ②直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变。
Eg :Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”
→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。
Eg : Xiao Wang said,“I was born on April 20, 1980.”
→Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语,时态不变。 Eg :He said, “I get up at six every morning.”
→He said he gets up at six every morning.
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:ought to,had better,used to)和已经是 过去时的形式时,(例:could, should, would, might)不再变。
Eg :Peter said,“You had better come have today.”
→Peter said I had better go there that day.
1. These flowers are from Guangdong. He said.
He said ___________ these flowers ______________ from Guangdong.
2. Light travels faster than sound. My teacher told me.
My teacher told me ___________ light _____________ faster than sound.
3. There will be a meeting in five days. Jack didn‟t know.
Jack didn‟t know ________ there ________ _______ a meeting in five days.
4. Can they speak French? I want to know.
I want to know _________ __________ ___________ ___________ French.
5. Are the children playing games? Tell me.
Tell me __________ the children __________ __________ games.
6. Have you finished your homework yet? Mr. Zhao asked Ma Chao
Mr. Zhao asked Ma Chao ______ ______ _____ ____ _____ homework yet.
7. How many people can you see in the picture? Who knows?
Who knows ______ ______ _____ _____ _______ ________ in the picture?
8. Where did she park her car? Do you know?
句型:
①直接引语如果是陈述句,间接引语应改为由that 引导的宾语从句。
Eg :She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”
→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句,选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由whether 或if 引导的宾语从句
Eg :He said, “Can you swim, John?” →He asked John if he could swim.
“You have finished the homework, haven„t you?” my mother asked.
→ My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework. “Do you go to school by bus or by bike?”
→ He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句,间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。
Eg :She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?”
→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等)sb.(not) to do sth.”句型。
Eg :“Don‟t make any noise,” she said to the children.
→ She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
“Bring me a cup of tea, please,” said she.
→ She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let„s”开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用“suggest +动名词(或从句)。” Eg :He said, “ Let‟s go to the film.”
→ He suggested going to the film.
→ He suggested that they should go to see the film.
( )1 The girls asked if they _______ some food and drink with them.
A. took B. take C. takes D. will take
( )2 Kate said that she ____ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been
( )3 the students want to know whether they______ dictation today.
A. had B. has. C. will have D. are
( )4 She asked Linda if________ go and get some.
A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may
( )5 Linda said the moon_________ round the earth.
A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled
( )6. Can you tell me________ you were born, Betty?
A. who B. what C. when D. that
( )7. I don't know _________ they have passed the exam.
A. what B. if C. when D. where
( )8. I hardly understand.________ he has told me.
A. that B. what C. which D. who
( )9. She didn't know_______ back soon.
A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be
( )10. I don't know _______ he still lives here after so many years.
A. whether B where C. what D. when
在复合句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句,宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语,也可做介词的宾语。 eg, He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语)
He asks him how long Mike has been down . (动词宾语)
Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语)
宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。
根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that 引导的宾语从句。that 只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语
和非正式文体中可以省略。例如:
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
She doesn‟t know (that) she is seriously ill.
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如:
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
I don‟t know why the train is late.
3. 由if 或whether 引导的宾语从句。if 和whether 在句中的意思是“是否”。例如:
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
(二)宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如:
I hear (that) physics isn‟t easy.
I think (that) you will like this school soon.
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?
Please tell me when we‟ll have the meeting.
(三)宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主
如: I don‟t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去将来时,过去完成时)。例如:
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.
3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
1. We are sure that he ________ (go) to school tomorrow.
2. Do you know who ______ (be) the first man to walk on the moon?
3. Could you tell me where the post office ______ (is)?
4. Our father said that he _______ (will) buy a new computer.
5. I hear that he _______ (swim) in the sea yesterday. 6. The little boy tells us where his father _______ (work).
7. He said that he _________ (finish) his work already.
8. They thought they could _______ (hike) to the top of the mountain.
9. He was glad that so many people _____ (help) him. 10. She doesn‟t know whether ________ (go) or wait.
1. Jim told me ____ he didn't go fishing yesterday afternoon.(how, why)
2. Do you know ______ else is going to be on duty today?(who, whom)
3. She said _____ it wouldn't matter much.(that, if)4. He always thinks ______ he can do better.(how, who)
5. I really don't know ____ the bridge will be finished.(how long, how soon)
6. They don't know _______ to go or wait. (if, whether)
7. We are talking about ______ we‟ll go back tomorrow. (whether, if)
8. I was really surprised at ______ I saw. (where, what)
9. I don't know ____ so many people are looking at him. (how, why)
10. Do you know ______ you are studying for? (why, what)
宾语从句与简单句的转化
1. 当主句谓语动词是hope ,wish ,decide ,forget ,plan ,agree 等,且主句主语与从句主语相同时,从句可
简化为不定式结构。如:
She agreed that she could help me with my maths.
→She agreed to help me with my maths.
2. 当主句的谓语动词是know, learn, forget, remember, decide 等后面带特殊疑问句转化的宾语时,主从句的主语也须一致这时从句可以简化成“疑问词+不定式结构”。例如:
I don't know which sweater I should buy.→I don't know which sweater to buy.
3. 当主句的谓语动词是ask ,tell, show, teach等后面带双宾语时,从句的主语和间接宾语一致,且从句是由特殊疑问句转化来时,从句可以转化成“疑问词+不定式结构”,或者在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中,当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词+不定式”结构。如:→Could you tell me how to get to the park?
4. 当主句谓语动词是find ,see ,watch ,hear 等感官动词时,从句常简化为“宾语+宾补”结构,宾补为不带to 的不定式或V-ing 形式。如:
She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground.
→She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.
注意:宾语从句小口诀:
宾语从句三注意,时态语序引导词;主句一般现在时,从句不需受限制;
主句一般过去时,从句须用相应时; 陈述句转化that 引,一般疑问句用if/whether,
特殊问句疑问词,引导词后陈述式。
一、选择题
( )1.I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow.
A .when does he come B .how will he come
C .if he comes D .whether he'll come
( )2.Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is?
A .what B .how C .whether D .where
( )3.Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help?
A .how did he mend B .what did he mend
C .how he mended D .what he mended
( )4.I want to know _________ .
A .whom is she looking after B .whom she is looking
C .whom is she looking D .whom she is looking after
( )5.Do you know where _________ now?
A .he lives B .does he live C .he lived D .did he live
( )6.Do you know what time _________ ?
A .the train leave B .does the train leave
C .will the train leave D .the train leaves
( )7. He said ________ she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
( )8. A: Could you tell me ________? B: I'm not sure.
A. how many people have been out of hospital
B. when is Thanksgiving Day
C. which animal does he like best
D. what time will the dolphin show start
( )9. I ________ he ________ go there by himself.
A. think; won‟t B. don‟t think; will
C. don‟t think; is D. think; isn‟t going to
( )10. Lana said that she wasn't mad _________ Marcia anymore.
A. to B. at C. for D. on
( )11. Do you think _________ an English film tomorrow night?
A. is there B. there is going to be
C. there is going to have D. will there be
( )12. You are _________ to return the book to the library in two weeks.
A. supposed B. wanted C. shouted D. thought
( )13. I am always _________ to speak in the front of the classroom.
A. disappointing B. scared C. surprised D. nervous
( )14. Do you think it is difficult _________?
A. study English well B. studies English well
C. studying English well D. to study English well
( )15. She told us things there were ________ better than before.
A. more B. much C. very D. nice
( )16. I don't think it's good to copy other's homework. You should _________ it.
A. get over B. get on C. get up D. get off