英国文学史以及选读

哈姆莱特

丹麦王子哈姆雷特的父王在花园中打盹时突然神秘死去，皇叔继位并娶母后为妻，令哈姆雷特深觉羞愧与愤怒。他对父亲的死因有所怀疑，忧郁过度，终日愁容满面。某夜他遇见父王鬼魂诉冤，终于知道原来是皇叔为篡位娶嫂而毒害亲兄。为报父仇他假装发疯以避开皇叔监视，并请戏班进宫表演一出与父王被杀经过十分相似的戏剧，逼使叔父原形毕露，结果他却误杀恋人奥菲莉亚的父亲，导致她因此发疯坠河而死。他的母亲后来也误饮毒酒身亡。优柔寡断的王子终于在怒不可遏之下杀死万恶的叔叔。哈姆莱特和奥菲利亚的哥哥决斗，最都死在双方有毒的剑下，而他的母亲是在误喝他叔叔准备的毒酒中午而亡。

Denmark Hamlet's father in the garden of a nap mysteriously died, uncle of England and married mother-wife, He has doubts about his father's death. One night, he meets the father’s ghost peaceably, finally knew it was his Royal Uncle killed father. To revenge his father he pretends to be insane to avoid Uncle’s monitoring and requested the troupe perform a father to the Palace were killed It was very similar play as his uncle and his father , which was aimed to force his uncle betrays itself, he ended up killing lover Ophelia's father by accidence, led Ophelia to die of drown. When they settled a duel with Ophelia’s brother, they were killed by poisoned sword of each other.

鲁宾逊漂流记

鲁滨逊热爱航海，在一次航海中， 不幸船在途中遇到风暴触礁，船上水手、乘客全部遇难，唯有鲁滨逊幸存，只身漂流到一个荒无人烟的孤岛上。他把船上的食物、衣服、枪支弹药、工具等运到岸上，并在小山边搭起帐篷定居下来。鲁滨逊在岛上独自生活了17年后，鲁滨逊发现后有野人，并救出了其中的一个。鲁滨逊把被救的野人取名为“星期五”。此后，“星期五”成了鲁滨逊忠实的仆人和朋友。后来有条英国船在岛附近停泊，船上水手闹事，鲁滨逊与“星期五”帮助船长制服了那帮水手，夺回了船只并一起回国了。

Robinson loves sailing, unfortunately, ships were encountered by a storm on the way during navigation. All crew and passengers on board were killed, only Robinson survived drifting alone on a deserted island. He put the ship's thing to shore, settled down and pitched tents on the side of a hill. Robinson, after 17 years of living alone on the island, Robinson discovered the savage and saved

a savage was named

格列佛游记有四部分。第一部分，格列佛漂到小人国，在这里的居民比他小20倍，他帮助他们打败敌国，但又得罪国王，不得不逃离小人国。第二部分，他来到大人国，这里的居民比他大20倍，他被当成玩物，最后他不忍这样的生活，思念家乡，因此逃离了大人国。第三部分，他来到飞岛等国，在这里他见识到了高科技文明，魔法等。第四部分，他被放逐在慧骃国，在这里马是理性的载体，而人形动物“耶胡”则是邪恶肮脏的畜生。格列佛本想在这里施展他的才能，无奈没有实现，只好遗憾的回家！

Gulliver's travels has four parts. The first part, Gulliver floated to Lilliput, where residents younger than him 20 times, he helped them to defeat the enemy, but also offended the King, who had to flee a Lilliputian. The second part, he came to the country, residents here 20 times older than him, he is being treated as a plaything and he can not bear this life, home and fled the country. The third part, he came to fly the island country, where he learned the high-tech civilization, spells and so on. Part four, he was exiled in Houyhnhnms where horses are carriers of the rational, human-like animals

天路历程

遭天火焚毁，惊恐不已。这时一个叫“传道者”的人指点他必须逃离自己的故乡，前往天国。基督徒背负着世界的重担，从此踏上了艰难而勇敢的历程，经过千辛万苦，最终实现了目标。第二部分,写的是基督徒的妻子“女基督徒”和孩子们在一个叫做“无畏”的人的指引下，前往天堂的朝圣过程。

The Narrator sees in a dream in the book called

reading a book, and knew his city of residence will be the fire burned with consternation. Then a place called

弃婴汤姆•琼斯 汤姆·琼斯是私生子，出世不久即被抛弃。后为绅士甄可敬所收养。甄可敬让汤姆·琼斯与庄园主女儿苏菲亚产生了爱情，布力非对此非常嫉妒，极力在舅父甄可敬面前中伤汤姆·琼斯。于是汤姆·琼斯被逐，四处流浪。到了伦敦，他因打伤了一个流氓而下了监狱。苏菲亚的父亲强迫苏菲亚嫁给布力非，苏菲亚违抗父命，也逃到伦敦，找到汤姆·琼斯。最后，汤姆·琼斯的身份得到揭示，原来是甄可敬的亲妹妹的私生子，和布力非是异父同母的兄弟。全书以布力非迫害汤姆·琼斯的阴谋败露，汤姆·琼斯与苏菲亚结婚而结束。

Tom Jones is a bastard, was born shortly after being abandoned. He was adopted by a gentlemen. Selection and Honorable Tom Jones and the planter’s daughter Sophia fell in love, but Blifil envyed him very much, and trying to slander Tom in front of father. Tom Jones was driven to wander around. Arrived in London, he was under prison for wounding one rogue. Sophia's father forced Sophia to marry Blifil, Sophia defied his father, fled to London and finds Tom Jones. Finally, Tom Jones's identity being revealed, originally were to validate Reverend sister's illegitimate child, Tom Jones ended up get married with Sophia.

坎特伯雷故事集，

4月的一天，一群香客去坎特伯雷朝圣，投宿在泰巴旅店。次日，店主、香客与在此住宿的作者一起出发。店主提议在去坎特伯雷的路上每人讲两个故事，回来时再讲两个，由店主来做评判(被大家公认为最佳的讲故事者可以在回来时白吃一顿丰盛的晚餐，)骑士是第一个告诉他的故事和其他朝圣者跟随着来讲述他们的故事。然而，并不是所有的朝圣者告诉他们的故事，(和没有赢家由店主到了故事的结局。)最后店主也没有判谁赢了。

One day in April, a group of pilgrims pilgrimage to Canterbury, staying in the Thai

hotels. The shopkeeper, author of the Pilgrim's stay in this trip together the next day. Shopkeepers suggested that each of them tell two tales on the way to Canterbury, returned with two. The shopkeeper recognized as the best storyteller. The knight is the first to tell his story and the other pilgrims follow to tell their stories. However, not all of the pilgrims have told their tales, and no winner is determined by the innkeeper by the time the story ends.

浮士德博士的悲剧，

浮士德是一位伟大的学者，(渴求各方领域的知识。他对中世纪一成不变的学科深感厌烦，开始转向一种黑色魔术。通过咒语他结识了梅菲斯特，也就是魔鬼的仆从。)浮士德与魔鬼签立了协议，他将自己的灵魂卖给魔鬼作为回报，魔鬼则要在此后的二十四年里满足浮士德所有求知的愿望。在魔鬼的帮助下，他尽情施展魔术，与此同时，浮士德还经历了内心的矛盾与斗争，这是通过善天使与恶天使同时出现的情节来表达出来的。(在最后一幕，只剩下一段恐惧的独白，生动透彻地揭示了浮士德内心的巨大痛苦。)最后他十分痛苦，但是太迟了。最后，他选择自杀了，一瞬间结束24年的生命。

Faust was a great scholar, and thirst for knowledge in the field. He felt bored rigid discipline during the medieval period, turning to black magic. Faust and the devil signed an agreement, he would sell his soul to the devil in return for the devil over the next 24 years to meet all of the Faustian desire for

knowledge. With the help of the devil, cast his magical at the same time, Faust has experienced internal conflict and struggle, the good Angel and the bad angel appeared to express itself. In the final scene, he surrounded his soul to the devil after a lapse of 24 years.

What is Humanism?

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism).In humanism，the welfare of human being is very important. It emphasizes the worth of life in this world and the dignity of human being.

人文精神是哲学和道德的立场，强调价值和人类的机构，单独和集体地和一般是喜欢用批判性思维和证据 （理性主义、 经验主义） 在既定的原则或信念 （信仰）。以人为本，人类的福利是非常重要的。它强调在这个世界的生命的价值和人的尊严。

. What is satire?

Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government or society itself, into improvement.

讽刺是体裁文学，有时与图形和表演艺术，在恶习、 愚蠢、 虐待和缺点都要举行了嘲笑，理想的情况下与羞辱的个人、 公司、 政府或社会本身，到改进的意图。

. What is Romanticism?

The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. the Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life指18世纪末，19世纪初发生的文学和艺术运动。漫主义强调应该依靠情绪以及自然抒发的激情作为生活和伦理问题的有效指导。浪漫主义运动特别强调个体的独一无二，想像、幻想的优先地位，自发性优于“技巧”和“惯例”所具有的价值，人类对于情感表达的自然需求，对于文明相伴的堕落腐化的抵制，以及远离摧毁人类灵魂的城市生活，重返原始自然的渴望。 . What is the Enlightenment Movement?

The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive Movement, which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the time. It

was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment Movement.

启蒙主义运动是一个渐进式的运动，在法国盛行，当时席卷整个西欧。这是从 14 世纪到 17 世纪的文艺复兴的一个促进因素。其目的是启迪着现代哲学与艺术思想的光芒的整个世界。十八世纪欧洲启蒙运动被称为智力运动的开端。

What is tragedy？

a serious play (or, by extension, a novel ) representing the disastrous downfall of a central character, the protagonist. The Greek philosopher Aristotle put forward his most influential definition of tragedy in his Poetics (4th century BC): the imitation of an action that is serious and complete, achieving a catharsis (“purification”) through incidents arousing pity and terror.

严肃游戏 （或推而广之，一本小说） 代表一个中心人物，主角的灾难性垮台。古希腊哲学家亚里斯多德在他的诗 （公元前 4 世纪） 提出了悲剧他最有影响力的定义： 模仿的是认真和全面的通过唤起怜悯和恐怖的事件实现一种宣泄 （

. What is Neo-classicism?

Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense.

新古典主义是反对错综复杂和偶尔的朦胧、 大胆和欧洲文学的文艺复兴后期，奢侈的反应

为例，示形而上学的作品。倾向于简单、 慈善克制规律和良好意识。

. What is Classicism?

Classicism implies (意味着) the revival (复苏) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world， a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏)。 It intended to produce a literature， French to the core (以法语为中心)， which was worthy of (与„相媲美) Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism (新古典主义) reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德？席勒)

古典主义意味着 （意味着） 复兴 （复苏） 的形式和传统的古代世界，回归到旧的作品从荷马到柏拉图和亚里斯多德的希腊文学。但在 17 世纪法国古典主义也没意识到正在一个古典复兴 (并非古典主义的复苏)。它打算生产一种文学，法语到核心 （以法语为中心） 是一种值得的 （主题无关......相媲美) 希腊和古典理想。这个新古典主义 （新古典主义） 在 17 世纪达到高潮在法国。（代表:莫里哀和德国的歌德? 席勒）

. What is Sentimentalism?

By the middle of the century, sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent with social reality among the enlightened people. The sentimentalists continued to struggle against feudalism. But they sensed at the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. Dissatisfied with reason, they appealed to sentiment. Sentimentalism turned to the countryside for its material, and so is in striking contrast to classicism.

世纪中叶，感伤主义应运而生作为开明的人之间的社会现实的苦不满的结果。感伤继续反封建斗争。但他们同时也感觉到资本主义发展过程中的矛盾。不满意的原因，他们呼吁情绪。感伤主义转向农村为它的材料，并在形成鲜明对比古典主义是如此。

. What is the definition of “rhetoric” according to Aristotle?

the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. According to Aristotle, there are three branches of rhetoric:

1.judicial rhetoric: speech or writing that considers the justice or injustice of a certain charge or accusation.2. deliberative rhetoric: speech or writing that attempts to persuade an audience to take (or not take) some action. 3.epideictic rhetoric: speech or writing that praises or blames.

说服，相当于论证人们今天所理解的艺术。亚里斯多德有三个分支的修辞： 1.司法修辞： 演讲或写作，认为正义或某一电荷或 accusation.2 的不公正。审议修辞： 演讲或写作试图说服观众带 （或不带） 一些行动。3.词藻修辞： 演讲或写作，赞扬或指责。

Ballad(民谣)

In more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimeter. Common traits of the ballad are that(a) the beginning is often abrupt ,(b) the story is told through dialogue and action (c) the language is simple or “folksy,” (d) the theme is often tragic---though comic ballads do exist, (e) the ballad contains a refrain repeated several times. The ballad became popular in England in the late 14th century and was adopted by many writers. One of the most important anthologies of ballads is F. J. Child’ s The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 在更为精确的文学术语中，民谣指的是抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗。民谣的共同特色包括：（a）诗歌的起首通常十分出其不意。（b）故事通过对话和行为讲述。（c）语言简单，民风十足。（d）尽管存在喜剧民谣，但大多数民谣的主题具有悲剧意味。（e）民谣通常包含重复多遍的叠句。民谣这种诗歌形式在14世纪晚期的英格兰十分盛行，从此以后许多作家对其进行模仿创作。历史上最为知名的民谣集之一为恰尔德收集出版的《英格兰和苏格兰流行歌谣》。 What is allegory？

The word

一种，即为借口，一种抽象，具体的形象，它可以读取，理解和解释文字水平和政治、 道德或宗教水平两个层面。寓言是有效的教学或解释一些抽象的概念。有利地，它们用于在德育教学中。它是真理的一些抽象的符号语言的运用比喻表示法。

Cavalier Poets

Cavalier Poets is a broad description of a school of English poets of the 17th century, who came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War.

骑士诗人是一所学校的 17 世纪的英国诗人，来自支持国王查尔斯的类在英国内战期间广泛描述。

Cavalier poets

Cavalier poets, a group of English poets associated with Charles I and his exiled son. Most of their work was done between c.1637 and 1660. Their poetry embodied the life and culture of upper-class, pre-Commonwealth England, mixing sophistication with naïveté, elegance with raciness. Writing on the courtly themes of beauty, love, and loyalty, they produced finely finished verses, expressed with wit and directness. The poetry reveals their indebtedness to both Ben Jonson and John Donne. The leading Cavalier poets were Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Thomas Carew.

骑士的诗人，一群英国诗人与查尔斯关联第一和他流亡在外的儿子。大部分的工作是做 c.1637 和 1660年之间。他们的诗歌所体现的生命和文化的上层阶级前, 英联邦英格兰，混合成熟与天真，优雅与活力。他们写的美、 爱和忠诚的宫廷主题，生产精制的诗句，表达与机智和直接因果关系。诗歌揭示了他们本 · 琼森和约翰 · 邓恩的负债。领先骑士诗人都是罗伯特 · 赫里克、 理查德 · 洛夫莱斯、 约翰 · 萨克林先生和 Thomas 卡鲁。

Carpe diem

Carpe diem is a Latin aphorism usually translated to

及时行乐是拉丁文的警句，通常翻译成

Metaphysical poets

The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them, and whose work was characterized by inventiveness of metaphor (these involved comparisons being known as metaphysical conceits). These poets were not formally affiliated; most of them did not even know

or read each other. Their poetry was influenced greatly by the changing times, new sciences and the new found debauched scene of the 17th century.

玄学派诗人被英国抒情诗的 17 世纪，谁共享形而上学的关切和共同的方式调查他们，兴趣和其工作特点是通过创造性的隐喻松散组 （这些涉及比较被称为形而上学的自负）。这些诗人都没有正式建立联系 ；绝大多数人甚至不知道或看到对方。他们的诗歌大大受到不断变化的时代，新科学与新发现 17 世纪的堕落的场景。