独立主格结构常见类型及其用法

独立主格结构详解

一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式

独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：

1）Night enshrouding the earth ，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance ．

（黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。）

2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm． （他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。）

3）The coward was backing，his face being deathly pale，toward another room．（那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。）

独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：

1）Because night enshrouded the earth， nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．

2）He lay at full length upon his stomach．His head rested upon his left forearm．

3）The coward was backing toward another room．His face was deathly pale．

二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式

独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词／代词＋分词（短语）外，还有如下特殊构成形式。

1．名词＋介词短语

1）The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist，a bunch of flowers in his hands ．（广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。）

2）Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house ，a vast load of firewood on her back．（每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。）

2．名词＋形容词（短语）

1）The Trojans asleep，the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。）

2）The wretched boy ，who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks ，is now sweeping away the snow，his hands numb with cold．（那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。）

3．名词＋副词

1）This little excitement over，noth- ing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my

mute companion．（一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。）

2）This intermezzo over，he found himself surrounded by several stunning，

porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos．（这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。）

此外，with 常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with 不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句：

1）With a revolver in his right hand， Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash．（约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。）

2）The traffic inched along，with horns honking．（汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。）

三、独立主格结构的用法

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。

1．作时间状语

1）My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting ．＝After my shoes were removed， I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．（我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。）

2）The governor pondering the matter， more strikers gathered across his path．＝While the governor was pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．（总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。）

2．作条件状语

1）Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．＝If weather permits，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．（如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。）

2）Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．＝If such is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．（如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。）

3．作原因状语

1）The storm drawing near，the fellow decided to call it a day．＝Since the storm was drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a day．（由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。）

2）The Cossack being intent on his stalking，his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger ．＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking ，his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger．（这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。）

4．作伴随状语

1）I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．＝I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the plat- form，with my cheeses，and the people fell back respectfully on either side．（我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。）

2）He would appear in the doorway，gray fedora pulled low over his face，his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble．＝ He would appear in the doorway．A gray fedora was pulled low over his face，and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble．（他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。）

四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略

独立主格结构是一常考项目，在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：

1）All flights ，we decided to take a greyhound．

A ．were canceled B．had been canceled

C ．having canceled D．having been canceled

2）The production steadily，the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material．

A ．has gone up B．is going up

C ．having gone up D．being gone up

此类题型的解题策略可以概括为“结构分析法”，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断：1）选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句（但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导）；

2）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语（但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语）；

3）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构（独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子）。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。 上述例题1）中的选项A 和B 与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C 和D 与All flights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D ，因为“班机”是“被取消”的。

同样，例题2）中的选项A 和B 与名词 the production构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C 和D 与 the production都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，“产量在稳步增长”，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C 。 此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。 Choose the best from the four choices．

1．Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker a separate task．

A ．assigning B．assigned C．was assigned D．would be assigned

2．The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker ．

A ．began B．beginning C．having begun D．being beginning

3．Such the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaints．

A ．being B．is C．was D．to be

4．Darkness in，the young people lingered on merrymaking．

A ．set B．setting C．has set D．was set

5．With all factors ，we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal．

A ．being considered B．considering C．considered D．are considered

6．A new technique ，the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent．

A ．to have been worked out B．having worked out C．working out D．having been worked out

7．On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still，ears ，alert ，listening ．

A ．pointed B．pointing C．are pointed D．are pointing

8．Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work ，we declined the offer ．

A ．not being finished B．not having finished C．had not been finished D．was not finished

9．There are various kinds of metals ，each its own properties．

A ．has B．had C．to have D．having

10．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports，each one major point in contrast with the other．

A ．makes B．made C．is to make D．making

Key ：1—5 BCABC 6—10 DAADD

独立主格结构常见类型及其用法 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。

一、独立主格结构的构成形式

1、逻辑主语+V-ing

这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：

1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.

A.There being B.Being C.Hxdying been D.There was

2._______no bus, we had to walk home.

A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was

3._______Sunday, the library doesn\'t open.

A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Hxdying been

4.______Sunday, the library doesn\'t open.

A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is

2、逻辑主语+V-ed

该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：

1._________, the train started.

A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving

2.__________, the train started.

A.After hxdying given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given

3._________, the text became easier for us to learn.

A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Hxdying explained new words

4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.

A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words explaining

D.Being explained new words

3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）

该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如：

1.___________, the patient can lexdye the hospital.

A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions

2._________, the patient can lexdye the hospital.

A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions

3.________, we’d like to go outing.

A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK

4.___________, we’d like to go outing.

A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C

5._________, you can wait a while.

A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B

6._________, so you can wait a while

A.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on

4、逻辑主语+介词短语

该结构相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语”结构。如：

1.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.

A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand B.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand

2.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.

A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand

3.He left the office, __________.

A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes

4.He left the office __________.

A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes

二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：

1、原因状语

该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：

1.________ no bus, we had to walk home.

A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B

2._________Sunday, the library doesn\'t open.

A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B

3.____________, I had to ask for two days’ lexdye.

A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill D. A,B and C

4.____________, we hxdye to work late into the night.

A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D. A,B and C

2、时间状语

独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如：

1.__________, the train started.

A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B

2.__________, the text became easier for us to learn.

A. New words explained B.When new words were explained C.When teacher explained new words D.all above

3、条件状语

独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if 引导的条件状语从句。如：

1.___________, we\'ll go to visit the Great Wall.

A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B

2._________, the patient will recover himself soon.

A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C

4、伴随状语

独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：

1.We hxdye lessons every day, ___________.

A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above

2.The boy fell asleep,___________.

A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above

3.Father came home,_________

A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the above with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法

Composed by Chinephone Lew

“with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：

1、原因状语

1.With the man ______ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.

A.To guide B.Guiding C.Guided D.To hxdye guide

2.With a lot of work_____, she doesn’t hxdye time to rest . A.to do B.to be done C.doing

D.done

3.With the machine _____all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.

A.to work B.worked C.working D.Being working

2、时间状语

1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _____.A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on

2.With our problem ________, we all felt happy.

A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled

3.With his work______, the secretary began to walk home. A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done

3、伴随状语

1.She left the offices with tears ________.

A.in her eyes B.in eyes B.being in eyes D.to be in eyes

2.The man found the door with both his eyes ______.

A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing

3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_______.

A. standing by B.to be standing by C.stood by D.being standing by

4.The murderer was brought in, with his hands________.

A.to be tied behind B. tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind

5.You can’t see well ________.

A. with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses

4、后置定语

1.Do you know the man ______ a book in his hand? A.with B.hxdying C.being D.A and B

2.Please offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her arms.A.carrying B.hxdying C.with

D.all the above

分词、独立主格和“with + 复合宾语”作状语的区别

分词结构、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：

一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。

分词短语在句中常作以下状语：

1、原因状语

1._______late, we had to walk home. A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and B

2.______ busy, they had no time to play. A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above

2、时间状语

1._______ the students\' homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.

A.When he was correcting C.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above

2.________by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.

A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above

3、条件状语

1.______ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above

2._______ another chance, I\'ll do my job better.A.If I hxdye B.If hxdying C.Hxdying D.all the above

4、伴随状语

1.Father came back, _______ a bag of money on his left shoulder.

A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and he was carrying D.all the above

2.Father came back, _______ by a monkey.

A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above

二、独立主格结构和with + 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：

1.______, we’ll go fishing in the country.

A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting

2._________, he finished playing the game of chess.

A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyes

3._________, I couldn’t get the book I wanted.

A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing

三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。例如：

1.____________ the teacher told the class to go through the text

A.Checking the answers B.Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the above

2._________a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.

A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above

3.As_______a little sick, he remained at the clinic.

A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above

四、在使用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。

1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。

1.______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B

2._______for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.

A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above

2、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构或从句。如：

1.The soldier fell asleep ___________.

A.with the candle burning B.burning the candle C.when he was burning the candle D.when burning the candle

2.__________, the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful.

A.Being on B.When being on C.With all the lights on D.When it turns on all the lights

3.________ the notice, he had an idea.

A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above

4.________ the notice, an idea came to his mind.

A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above