高中英语语法 形容词.副词
Chapter4 形容词、副词和介词
一、 形容词
1、形容词的作用和位置
1)作定语,放在修饰的名词之前。两个以上形容词,位置遵从以下一句话
限观形龄色国材
限:限制性形容词——描述事物本质的形容词,与名词紧紧相连,如果去掉会严重影响
名词的意义
a French dish a Catholic church
观:观点性(描述性)形容词——又称非限制性形容词,对名词进行描述,去掉后不会影响
名词的本义
an impressive Catholic church a deliciousFrench dish 形:描述大小、长短、高低、形状等的形容词 large square
龄:描述新旧、年纪等的形容词 old
色:颜色 国:国籍 材:材料 wood
多个形容词作定语,连在一起,如下例子 a short young Japanese businessman a new green silk cap
a beautiful little red flower
2)作定语,修饰由不定代词one ,no ,any ,some ,every 构成的复合词(如anything ,something ) 放在修饰的词之后
I have something interesting to tell you.
3)用作表语,与系动词(go ,become ,be ,get ,seem ……)连用 *有些形容词只能作表语放在系动词后,不能作定语放在名词前 Afraid alive alone asleep sure glad 4)用作宾语补足语
I think the text very interesting. 5)the+形容词,表一类
The rich and the poor live very different lives. 6)作状语,表示伴随状况原因结果等。 He went to bed, cold and hungry.
2、复合形容词
Kind-hearted dark-blue hard-working ……
3、形容词的比较级和最高级
1)规则变化和不规则变化 2)比较级的用法 ①同级比较
A. as+原级形容词+as
She looks as young as she was ten years ago. B. not as/so+原级形容词+as It ’s not as/so warm as yesterday.
*如果一个as/so后的形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词,冠词a/an应置于形容词和可数名词
之间
She has as sweet a voice as her mother. ②越来越:比较级+and+比较级 My son is growing taller and taller.
③越……就越……:the+比较级…,the+比较级 The shorter your dialogue is, the better it is. ④not+比较级+than 和 no+比较级+than 前者表示:前者不比后者更……
My French is not better than yours. 我的法语不比你的好。 后者表示:前者和后者一样不……含否定意义
My French is no better than yours. 我的法语和你的一样不好。 ⑤其他形式的比较级
be senior\junior to比…年龄大\小 be superior\inferior to 比…好\差 3)最高级的用法
①加介词in 和of 的不同:在一定的地域空间内要用in ,在同一类事物范围内进行比较
用of
It ’s the biggest city in China.
It ’s the biggest city of all the cities in China. ②a+最高级:非常……
This is a most interesting book. 这是一本非常有趣的书。 ③表示最高级意义的几种形式
A. 比较级+than any other+单数名词
He works harder than any other student in his class. B. 比较级+than the other+复数名词 She is taller than the other girls in her class. C. 比较级+than anything\anyone else He cared more for money than for anything else. D. 否定句中用比较级
I have never read a better book than this one.
二、副词
1、 副词的语法功能
1) 作状语,起修饰作用 They are warmly received upon arrival. 2) 作表语,表主语的方向、方位、动作 The light is still on . 3) 作定语,表示时间和地点 Is there a post office here .
4)作补足语,说明主语所处的位置、状态等 The little was kept indoors all by herself.
2、副词的特征
1)以ly 结尾的副词 frequently constantly rapidly calmly happily anxiously *形容词加ly 变副词的规律
直接加后缀 careful-carefully; quick-quickly; safe-safely; slow-slowly
以le 结尾的,去e 加y gentle-gently; possible-possibly; comfortable-comfortably
以y 结尾的双音节形容词,把y 变i ,再加ly easy-easily; happy-happily; heavy-heavily shy 的副词形式是shyly.
2)与形容词同形的副词 late firm fast low high early long slow
3)有些词本身是副词,在加ly 后又构成另外的副词,两种副词的意义有联系也有区别 *原型副词一般表示的是具体意义,加ly 的副词往往具有比喻意义,表示程度 The picture is hanging high in the back wall. Playing with fire is highly dangerous. hard 努力地 high 高
deep 深深地 late 迟、晚 free 免费地 just 正好
*有些副词与加ly 的副词在修饰动词时基本相同 The little held her mother's hand firmly/firm.
Mr. Black's mistake cost him dearly/dear损失惨重.
hardly 几乎不 highly 非常 deeply 强烈地 lately 最近、近来 freely 自由地 justly 公正地
near 附近 most 最 wide 张大地 close 靠近 loud 响亮地 clean 完全的
nearly 几乎
mostly 几乎全部 widely 广泛地 closely 密切地 loudly 大声地 cleanly 干净的
3、副词的分类及其位置(非重点)
1)时间副词
now; recently; right away; soon; since; then; now and then; today; age; just now; right then; tomorrow; late位置:一般放在句末,有时也放在动词前面 On receiving his letter, I immediately wrote back.
2)地点副词
here; upstairs; far; outdoors; there; downstairs; overhead; indoors; abroad; ashore; everywhere; away 位置:一般位于所修饰的动词后面,偶尔也可放于句首,尤其是here/there They moved downtown. 3)方式副词
angrily; carefully; simply; beautifully; slowly; kindly; calmly; suddenly; openly;位置:动词前后和第一助动词后和句末
Mary coughed miserably. She had been ill for a long time. 4) 程度副词
much; awfully 非常; very; partly; fully; extremely; entirely; dearly; 非常地; almost; truly; rather; nearly; half; quite位置:修饰形容词副词时放在其前,修饰动词时放在第一个助动词后,实义动词前
Different people have different backgrounds and habits. 5)频度副词
usually; often; sometimes; never; always; regularly; constantly; frequently; seldom位置:比较灵活,可位于句首、句末、第一助动词后、动词前 Bruce is constantly changing his mind. 6)疑问副词 where; when; why; how 7)关系副词 where; when; why 8)连接副词
therefore; moreover; besides; however; otherwise; then; meanwhile; when; where; why; whenever; wherever; however位置:两个句子中间,谓语前,句尾 Sales have been good, yet profits are low.
9)句子副词 frankly; evidently; luckily; unfortunately; hopefully; surprisingly位置:放在句首
4、常用副词辨析
1)sometime(s), some time(s)
sometime 某个时间(多用于过去式、将来时) sometimes 有时,时常(多用于一般时) some time 一段时间 some times 几次
it happened sometime last month. 这事发生在上个月的某个时候。 it happens sometimes. 这事时常会发生。
It took me some time to finish the work. 干完这项工作花了我一些时间。 It happened some times this month. 这事这个月发生了几次。 2)ago, before, since
Ago 若干时间以前(以现在为基点) Before 若干时间以前(以过去为基点) Since 从那时到现在(完成时的标志) I saw him 3 days ago.
I said I had seen him 3 days before. I haven’t seen him since then. 3)very 与much 表示“很”,“非常”。
very 用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;
much 用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级,修饰动词要用 much 或very much. 如:It's very nice,这个非常好.
She said she was much better than before 她说她比以前好多了。 You did it very well. 你做的很好。
I like English very much. 我非常喜欢英语。
4)so 与such 表示“如此”,“那么”,“这么”。
①so 修饰形容词或副词,such 修饰名词,但名词前可以有形容词做定语。 如:I can’t be here so early.我不可能这么早来。
I ’ve never seen such (fine ) drawings. 我从来没有见过如此漂亮的图。 ②so 修饰的形容词后如有一个单数可数名词,其结构是so+adj.+a/an+n. 试比较:She is so good a girl.
She is such a good girl.
③如果可数名词复数前有many, few 或不可数名词前有much ,little 等表示数量多少的形容词,用so 而不用such 。
如:I ’m afraid that he’ll forget it if he misses so many lessons.我恐怕如果他耽误这么多
的课程他会忘掉的。
Miss Zhao got so little money a month.赵老师每个月只领这么少的钱。
5)Already, yet与still 表示“已经”等。
①already 表示某事已经发生,经常与 have 连用。 still 表示谋事仍在进行,主要用于肯定句, yet 用于疑问句表示“已经”,用于否定句表示“还没有”、“尚未”等。如: I ’ve already finished it. 我已经完成了这项工作。 I have sung already. 我已经唱过了。
They were still neck and neck. 他们仍齐头并进,不分上下。 Have you found your ruler yet?你已经找到尺子了吗? He hasn’t finished his work yet.他还没有完成工作。
②Already 有时用于疑问句,表示出乎意料,惊讶等。如:Have you finished already?