初三上学期语法总结
九上重点语法复习
【现在完成时】
1） 表示动作发生在过去，但结果或影响仍然在现在, 即强调过去发生过的动作对现在造成的结果/影响 (简言之:过去动作,现在结果)。它并不关心过去什么时间发生，只关心这一过去的动作对现在造成的影响。含“已经/曾经做过/听过/看过/…过”之意。这种用法常与涉及过去和现在的模糊的时间/不明确具体的时间状语连用, 即标志时间状语: already已经, yet还，尚，已经（疑问句中）, just（刚刚）, recently/ lately（最近）, so far (到目前为止）, never（从未）, ever（曾经）, before（以前）, once（一次）,twice（两次）, three times, 等。
如：
① already 和 yet
， 如：He has already gone home. 他已经回家了。 ，如：Have you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗？ I haven’t finished my homework yet. 我还没完成作业。
※ already 也可用于疑问句，表“出乎意料或惊奇”
如：Have you finished your homework already? 难道你已经完成作业了？
② ever 和 never
，如：I have ever been abroad. 我曾出过国。 ever的句型。
如：I have never seen him before.
----Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出过国吗？----No, never. 不，从来不。
③ just
如：I have just tried to call you. 我刚刚打电话给你。
④ before
如：He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before. 他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。
2） 表示从过去某时就开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这种用法必须与表示的状语连用即第二种用法的标志时间状语: for +时间段 /how long„? 或 since + 过去的时间点/一般过去时从句 。
如：I have been a teacher for over ten years. He has lived in this village since she was born. 只有be, work, live, study, teach, keep, have, stay, 等表示持续性动作的动词才有这种用法，非持续性/瞬间动词如come, go, die, start, buy, borrow, lend, begin, get to know, turn on/off 等没有这种用法, 但变成与其相应的能够持续的动词(词组后)就可以与for…或since…连用了， 即:
P124课文
如： 错对). 错对)
3）表示对过去多次动作的小结.
I have collected more than three thousand stamps so far.
2.句型: 现在完成时用“”表达, 其各种句型结构为:
1）肯定句： S + have/has + p.p + „
如：He has seen the film Taitanic. We have studied in middle school for 3 years.
2) 否定句 S + have/has not + p.p + „.
如：I haven’t ever been to America . = I have never been to America.
Jack hasn’t taught Chinese students oral English before.
3) 一般疑问句：Have/Has + S + p.p + „？ Yes, s + have/has. No, s + haven’t/ hasn’t.
如：Have you ever been to England? Yes, twice. Has she been ill since last Friday? No, she hasn’t.
规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式一样，不规则的需逐个记忆（见不规则动词表） 特别注意：
1.go, come, stop, die, buy, borrow, lend, begin/start, 等表示短暂动作(不能持续的动作)的动词的现在完成时肯定形式不能与表示一段时间的状语for „ / since „ 连用。
如：1) 他已经死了三年了。
He has died for three years. (错) . (He has died他已经死了。句子正确，但意思与原句不一致正确)
（It is/has been + 时间段 + since + 一般过去时从句. 意思是：自„以来，有„，
又如：It is half a year since his son joined the army.）
2) I have seen you for a long time. (错) I haven’t seen you for a long time.（正确）
2. when/ what time/ how 不能与现在完成时连用，因为这些只涉及过去的情况。
3.
如时间明确具体/确定，则用一般过去时。
如： I have met him recently. （recently最近，哪年哪月哪天哪时？ 不具体明确） I met him two days ago. （两天前，明确具体）
在完成时连用。如：Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past five years.
如：“Where have you been?” “ I have just been to the library.”
= I went to the library sometime in the past, but now I am not there.”
那儿，但一定不在说话现场，意为“到某地去了”，
如： A: Is Jack in at the moment ? B: No, he has gone to the Bank of China.
【不定代词与不定副词的用法】
(一) 复合不定代词：
指人：someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody no one/ nobody everyone/everybody
指物：something anything nothing everything
（二）复合不定副词指地点：somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere
（三）用法：如：I saw someone in the room. 我看见房间里有人。
There is something in the woods. 树林里有什么东西。
如：There isn’t anything in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。
He hasn’t gone somewhere warm for his holiday.他没去暖和的地方度假。
3.no- 复合代词/副词表全否定；
如：I saw nobody in the room. 我看见房间里没有人。
There is nothing in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。
4. every- 复合代词/副词代替全部；
如：Everyone is here. 大家都在这儿。
It seems he knows everything. 似乎他知道一切。
注：1. some-复合代词/副词用于疑问句中时，表希望得到对方的肯定回答或表请
如：Would you like something to drink? 你要点喝的东西吗？
2.any-复合代词/副词用于肯定句时，表“任何”；
如：If people spit anywhere in public, they should be punished.
如果人们在公众的任何地方吐痰，他们应该受罚。
如：No one knows this secret. 没有一人知道这个秘密。 Everything goes well. 一切进展顺利。
如：I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事告诉你。
There is nobody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。
如：She didn’t say anything. = She said nothing. 她什么也没说。
There is nobody strange here.= There isn’t anybody strange here.这儿没有一个陌生人
【并列句or;and;while;but】
并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子，连词前可用逗号，也可不用逗号。
1.表示并列关系，常用连接词有and, not only…but also…等。
如：His father is a teacher and his mother is a doctor.他的父亲是一位老师，母亲是一位医生。 格林先生不但会开车而且还能修车。
2.表示转折关系，常用连词有but, while等。
如：I bought my sister a present, but she didn’t like it. 我给妹妹买了一件礼物，但是她并不喜欢。 汤姆每天都做家务活，而他的妹妹什么也不做。
3.表示选择关系，常用连词有or, either…or…等。
如：He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it. 他会讲法语，或者懂法语。
他要么是不能来要么是不想来。
4. 表示因果关系，常用连词有so, for等。
如：Her mother is ill, so she has to stay at home and look after her mother.
她母亲病了，所以她不得不呆在家里照看她。 地面很湿，因为昨晚下雨了。
【被动语态】
英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
如：We clean the classroom. 我们打扫教室。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
如：The classroom is cleaned (by us). 教室被（我们）打扫。
其中by意为“被……；由……”，表动作的执行者。
如：The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那个男孩打破的。
be有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。
如：English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式）
English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式）
Is English widely spoken around the world? （疑问式） Yes, it is./No, it isn’t.
2. 被动语态的用法：
（1）在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下，可用被动语态。
如：This coat is made of cotton. 这件大衣是棉制的。
（2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态。
如：Her bike is stolen. 她的自行车被偷了。
为被动语态时要把to还原，不能省略。
如：We hear her sing every day.------ She is heard to sing every day.
My parents often makes me do much homework. ------ I an often made to do much homework.
4. 在主动语态中, 有些动词如give, buy, show, tell, ask等，后面常跟双宾语，变为被动语态时，通常一个宾语提上来做主语，另一个保留在动词的后面。
如：He gave me a book yesterday.------ I was given a book by him yesterday.
------ Mother often buys me books and school things. 5. 有些“be +过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”
比较：（1）(系表结构)Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。 (被动语态)ThedoorisclosedbyFengping.这个门是由冯平来关的。
(系表结构)Theglassisbroken.这个玻璃杯是坏的。 TheglasswasbrokenbyMary.这个玻璃杯是玛丽弄坏的。(被动语态)（2）
6. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词+介词词组才可以有被动语态。
如：GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.(正确) GreatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinChina.(错误)
dinthedeepsea.(正确)Thedolphindisappeare Thedolphinwasdisappearedinthedeepsea.(错误)
总结：
1)不及物动词没有被动语态：take place, happen, rise
2) 一些表状态的及物动词无被动语态：have(有), fit（适合）, cost（值钱）, weigh（重）
3)系动词无被动语态：变得)
7.主、被动语态的转换： 主动语态：主语+及物动词谓语动词+宾语（+其它）
被动语态：主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+by+宾语（+其它）
注意：
（1）主动、被动互转时，时态不变。
如：Her bike is stolen. 她的自行车被偷了。
为被动语态时要把to还原，不能省略。
如：We hear her sing every day.------ She is heard to sing every day.
My parents often makes me do much homework. ------ I an often made to do much homework.
4. 在主动语态中, 有些动词如give, buy, show, tell, ask等，后面常跟双宾语，变为被动语态时，通常一个宾语提上来做主语，另一个保留在动词的后面。
如：He gave me a book yesterday.------ I was given a book by him yesterday.
------ Mother often buys me books and school things. 5. 有些“be +过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”
比较：（1）(系表结构)Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。 (被动语态)ThedoorisclosedbyFengping.这个门是由冯平来关的。
(系表结构)Theglassisbroken.这个玻璃杯是坏的。 TheglasswasbrokenbyMary.这个玻璃杯是玛丽弄坏的。(被动语态)（2）
6. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词+介词词组才可以有被动语态。
如：GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.(正确) GreatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinChina.(错误)
dinthedeepsea.(正确)Thedolphindisappeare Thedolphinwasdisappearedinthedeepsea.(错误)
总结：
1)不及物动词没有被动语态：take place, happen, rise
2) 一些表状态的及物动词无被动语态：have(有), fit（适合）, cost（值钱）, weigh（重）
3)系动词无被动语态：变得)
7.主、被动语态的转换： 主动语态：主语+及物动词谓语动词+宾语（+其它）
被动语态：主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+by+宾语（+其它）
注意：
（1）主动、被动互转时，时态不变。
（2）主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动态by的宾语时，要用宾格形式。
如：People grow rice in the south.
Rice is grown (by people) in the south.
She takes care of the baby. The baby is taken care of (by her).
【用现在进行时表示将来】
1.现在进行时表示将来时，常有“意图”、“安排”（但不是固定不变的）或“打算”含义。它表示最近或较近的将来，所用的动词多是位移动词 如：I’m flying to Disneyland tomorrow. 我明天就要飞往迪斯尼乐园啦。
I’m going / leaving.我要走了。 When are you starting?你什么时候动身？
Don’t worry. The train is arriving here soon.别着急，火车马上就到了。
表示将来的现在进行时除了用于位移动词外，亦可用于某些非位移动词(die, meet, buy, take, sleep, change, work, see…)
如：My uncle is meeting us tomorrow.我叔叔明天会见我们。
She is buying a new bike soon. 她不久将买一辆新自行车。
The sick dog is dying. 那只生病的狗快死了。
2.表示将来的现在进行时，有时含有“决心”的意思，多用于否定结构。
如：I'm not going. 我不走了。 I'm not waiting any longer. 我不在等了。
3.用现在进行时与对方讲话时可变成命令，不过语气比较温和。
如：You're staying! 你留下吧！ Don't forget, you are taking part, too. 不要忘了，你也要参加。
【wh- +to do】
wh-是指when, where, which, who(m)及how等连接词，它们和动词不定式连用，即为wh- +to do结构。这种结构在句中常作主语、表语和宾语，作宾语时可以转换为宾语从句。(对于谓语动词来说，wh- +to do这个不定式动词的动作是个尚未发生的动作，所以在转换成宾语从句时，通常须加情态动词或用将来时表示未来。)
如：I don’t know what to do.= I don’t know what I should do.
She can’t decide which to buy.= she can’t decide which she will buy.
反之，如果主句中的主语与宾语从句中的主语一致时，宾语从句（由疑问词引导）通常可以与“疑问词+不定式”互相转换。
如：I don’t know what I should do.=I don’t know what to do./how to do it
如果不一致就不能转换。I want to know what Mary will do.(不能说:I want to know what to do.)
【定语从句】
1．在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词.引导定语从句的词有关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose等和关系副词：where when why等,关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和从句之间起联系作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成分,定语从句中不能再出现与关系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分.
2. 关系代词的用法:
(1) who指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
如：A person who steals things is called a thief. /The man who I talked with is our teacher.
(2 ) whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
如：The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li./ The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
(3) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换）
如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
(4) which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
如：These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?/Is this the library ( from which) you borrow books?
(5) that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
如：A plane is a machine that can fly. He is the man (that) I told you about.
3.关系代词不能用that的情况:
(1) 关系代词在介词之后,只能用which 而不能用that 。
如：Is this the library from which you borrow books? (不能说 from that)
(2) 先行词是指人的不定代词one, all或those时,用who不用that.
(3) 先行词是指人的不定代词everybody, somebody, anyone, no one时通常用who.
4. 关系代词只能用that的情况:
(1) 先行词为指物的不定代词everything, something, , nothing, all, little, few, much, none时。 如：I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.
(2) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。
如：I’ve read all the books that are not mine.
(3) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
如：This is the first book (that) he has read.
(4) 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。
如：This is the very book that belongs to him.
(5) 先行词中既有人又有物时。
如：They talked about persons and things that they remembered in school.
(6) 主句是以 who , what, which 开头的句子。
如：Who is the girl that is talking to David?