广州版初一下教案Unit6period (3)
Period 3
Objectives
1 To analyze the two passages in READING (1) and READING (2)
2 To talk about the uses of some important words and expressions
3 To talk about some important sentence structures
Preparations
1 SB 7B, pages 18 and 20
2 Photocopiable page 3
Passage analysis
Reading (1)
1. 她正在刷牙,水龙头开着。
本例中的on 是个副词,表示已连接、处于工作状态或使用中(connected or operating; being used)。又
如:
The lights were all on . 所有的灯都亮着。
The TV is always on in their house. 他们家的电视总是开着。
We were without electricity for three hours but it‟s on again now. 我们停电三小时了,不过现在又来电了。 在本例中,on 的反义词为off ,表示“未连接,未使用;处于关闭状态”。
2. 水哗哗地流进水槽。
pour 有两个常见的用法:
1 ○表示“使(液体)连续流出;倾倒;倒出”。通常以人作主语,被倒液体为宾语,pour 后常需跟一
些介词或副词。如:
Pour the sauce over the pasta. 把浆汁浇在面上。
Although I poured it carefully, I still managed to spill some. 尽管我倒这东西很小心,但我还是洒了2 ○一些。 表示“涌流(出),倾泻(出)”。通常以表示液体的名词或代词作主语。如:
Tears pour down her cheeks. 眼泪顺着他的面颊趟了下来。
3.
4. Thick black smoke was pouring out of the roof. 黑色浓烟从屋顶滚滚冒出。 pour into在本例中意为“流入”,pour 使用的是第2种用法。 „Turn that tap off,‟ “把水龙头关掉,” turn sth. off 是“关掉,截断(电流、煤气、水等)”的意思,反义词是turn … on 。我们还学过switch 一词,switch on/off常用来表示电器、机器的开关,表示开关水和煤气等时一般不使用。 Daisy froze. She looked round, but saw no one. 黛茜愣住了,她环顾四周,什么人都没有。 freeze 的过去式为froze ,过去分词为frozen ,在本例中,意为“愣住,吓住(stop moving suddenly)”。
此外,我们还学习过:
freeze 作不及物动词,表示“结冰;凝固”的意思。如:
It was so cold that everything froze . 天太冷了,一切都给冻住了。
Water freezes when the temperature falls below 0℃. 温度降到0℃以下,水会结冰。
freeze 作及物动词,表示“冷冻,冰冻”的意思。如:
We freeze the fish in order to keep them fresh for a long time. 将这些鱼冷冻是为了长期保鲜。
look round是“环顾;环视;四下察看”的意思,也可以说look around。又如:
People came out of their houses and looked round. 人们从屋子里出来,四处察看。
【注意】我们来复习一下常见的与look 有关的词组:
look at看,朝……看 look after照料
look back(与on ,to 连用)回想,记起 look down on轻视,看不起
look for寻找 look forward to盼望,期待
look like看起来像 look on/upon看作
look out注意,当心 look out of朝……外看
look over翻阅,浏览 look round环视
look through从头看完,透视 look up在书中查到,查阅(词典)
look up and down上下打量
5. It‟s not easy for me to get here. 我来这里可不容易。
在这个句子中,我们使用了“It is+形容词+for sb.+动词不定式”的结构。此时,for 后的代词是动词不
定式的逻辑主语,it 为形式主语。再请看下面的两个例子:
It‟s important for us to study English.学英语对我们来说很重要。
It‟s very kind of you to see me.你能来看我真是太好了。
上两个例句,都是代词作动词不定式的逻辑主语,但为什么一个由介词of 引导,一个由介词for 引导呢?这取决于介词前的形容词。
1 若“It is+形容词+of/for+to do sth.”结构中的形容词是指不定式逻辑主语的特征、○品质,形容词后
的介词就用of ;也可用不定式的逻辑主语试一试,符合逻辑就用of ,如:
It was foolish of you to go there. 你去那儿就太傻了。
可用you are foolish一试,句子符合逻辑所以应用of 。
2 若“It is+形容词+of/for+to do sth.”结构中的形容词不是表示不定式逻辑主语的特征、○品质,那么,
形容词后用介词for ,用逻辑主语还原,句子不合逻辑。例如:
It‟s necessary for you to do morning exercises. 你每天做早操很有必要。
用还原法:“You are necessary …”不符合逻辑。再如:
It‟s important for you to tell me about that. 你把那件事告诉我很重要。
不能说:Y ou are important …,所以用for 。
6. 二十四天前,我正舒服地
漂浮在江西上空的一朵云里看风景。
动词float 意为“漂浮,浮动(stay on top of a liquid)”。如:
Phillip, can you see something red floating in the distance on the water? 菲利浦,你看见在远处有个什么红色的东西漂浮在水上吗?
A feather floated down on the wind. 一根羽毛随风飘落。
副词comfortably 由形容词comfortable (舒服的,舒适的)派生而来,意为“安乐地,舒适地(with no
pain or worry)”。如:
He sat comfortably in his armchair. 他舒服地坐在他那单人沙发上。
【反义】uncomfortably adv. 不舒适地,困难地
名词view 在本课中是“景色,风景(what you see from a certain place)”的意思。如:
I have a very good view from the tower. 从塔上望出去,景色非常好。
view 作名词时,还有如下的意思:
1 视野;视线;观看;眼域 ○
The lake soon came into view . 那湖很快映入眼帘。
The sun vanished from view . 太阳看不见了。
There was nobody in view . 一个人也看不见。
2 观点;意见;态度 ○
His views on the subjects were well known. 他对这个问题的看法众所周知。
In my view it was a waste of time. 依我看,这是浪费时间。
enjoy the view意为“赏风景”。如:
Foreigners like enjoying the night-views in Shanghai when they travel to China. 外国人到中国来就喜欢到上海来赏夜景。
7. 然后那朵
云把我扔进了小溪里,我顺着山坡滑落到珠江里。
drop … into …意为“把……扔到……”。如:
Don‟t drop rubbish on the ground, you should drop it into the litter bin. 不能把垃圾扔在地上,你应该把垃圾扔到废物箱里。
speed 在本课中作动词用,过去式和过去分词都是sped ,意指“加快,飞跑(move quickly)”。如:
The ambulance sped to the hospital. 救护车快速开往医院。
He was arrested for speeding . 他因超速行车而被捕。
【比较】speed 与hurry 和都行动快速的意思。
speed 指快速的运动或行动。如:
The train sped through the countryside. 火车飞驰而过乡间。
Postal workers labored overtime to speed delivery of the Christmas mail. 邮电工人加班加点以加速圣诞期间信件的发送。
hurry 意指比通常快得多的速度,经常伴随着混乱或骚动。如:
If you don‟t hurry , you‟ll miss the plane. 如果你不迅速些,你将会错过班机了。
Don‟t let anyone hurry you into making a decision you‟ll regret later. 不要在任何人的催促下匆促做出你以后会为之后悔的决定。
speed down意为“快速下滑”。如:
That young climber sped down the cliff into the valley. Lucky, he didn‟t lost his life. 那个年轻的登山者顺着悬崖跌至了山谷,所幸的是,他没有死。
8. Well, the river carried me to a reservoir. 唔,顺着珠江我来到了水库。
carry … to …意为“把……带到……”。如:
Simon carried the suitcase to the Smiths‟. 西蒙把手提箱送到史密斯先生家。
Y ou needn‟t carry the luggage to your room, our removal will help you. 你不用把行李亲自搬到房间,我们的搬运工会帮你的。
9. 这时人们就将我净化了。
clean up是“打扫(或清除)干净”的意思。如:
He always expected other people to clean up after him. 他总是指望别人来打扫他弄脏的地方。
Who‟s going to clean up the mess? 这么又脏又乱的,谁来清理啊?
10. I was dirty after my journey so they took me to a water treatment works, and people added a few chemicals to me. 长途跋涉使我变脏了,所以人们把我带到自来水厂,并给我添加了一些化学物质。
名词journey 意为“路程,旅程”。如:
It‟s really a long journey from my home to school. 从我家到学校真是“漫漫征程”。
journey 的搭配主要有:a three day‟s journey 两天的路程 be (away) on the journey 在旅行中(不在家) go/start/set out on a long journey 出发作长途旅行 make/take a journey 旅行
【比较】journey ,trip ,voyage 与tour
journey 的应用范围较广,往往指那些“有预定地点的海陆空的单程长短途旅行”。如:
He decided to make a journey to San Francisco by plane. 他决定坐飞机去旧金山。
trip 一般为口语,指“任何方式的业务或游览的旅程”,往往侧重于“短途”,在口语中,经常可与journey 互换。如:
He went on a trip to the Summer Palace the day before yesterday. 他前天去游览了颐和园。
voyage 主要指“乘船做水上旅行”或“空中旅行”。如:
Susan got seasick during the voyage . 苏姗在航行中晕船了。
tour 指“以游览、购物等为目的的旅行”,往往带有“回到出发点”的意思。如:
Would you like to make a round-the-world tour in 80 days? 你想环游地球80天吗?
a water treatment works是“水处理厂”,“自来水厂”的意思。
【比较】add 与increase 都有增加的意思,但使用时应注意区别。
我们可以用这两个词来表示“增加”的意思。譬如,要翻译“我们的人口增加了100万”这句句子,可以用如下两种方法:(1)We have increased our population by 100 million.(2)We have added 100 million to our population.。显见,increase ... by 和add ... to有时可以互换。
通常地,increase 指的是数量、价值、力量等的增加,add 则表示将某物增加到另一物之上,使之增加。如:
My wages have increased this year. 我今年的工资增加了。
The music added to our enjoyment. 音乐给我们增添了欢乐。
add … to是“向……中添加……”的意思。如:
Add some sugar to the mixture. 在混合物中加入一些糖。
11. 我在那儿等着,直到你叫我。
我们小结一下until 的用法。
1 until 意为up to the time that(直到……的时候)○,如:
We walked until it got dark. 我们一直走到天黑了下来。
2 意为before (在……之前)○,如:
Y ou cannot leave until your work is finished. 在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开。
3 ○意为to the point or extent that(直到……的程度),如:
I talked until I was hoarse. 我一直说到声音嘶哑。
until 前用的动词若为持续性动词,则使用肯定形式,如:
We will stay in Canada until the end of next month.
until 前用的动词若为瞬间性动词,则使用not … until的结构,如:
We will not come back until the end of next month.
此外,until 和till 的意思是相同的,上述的用法也相同。它们的最大区别在于till 不能用在开头。如: Until you finish your homework, don‟t think of going to the cinema. 除非你完成你的回家作业,否则别想去电影院。
这句句子中是不可以用till 的。
12. Then I‟ll go to 接着我会进入污水处理厂。那儿的人们把我抽到河里,然后我会再次回到大海。
课文中的a sewage plant指的是“污水处理厂”。
pump … into … 意为“把……抽吸到……”,如:
Push the button, the water in the toilet will be pumped into the drain. 按下这个键,马桶里的水就会被抽到管道里。
13. 记住:不要浪费我,也不要污染我。
remember not to do sth是remember to do sth的否定形式,意为“记得不要(去)做某事”。如:
Y ou must remember not to pollute the environment. 你必须记住,不能污染环境。
一般地,动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not ,即not to do sth.。又如:
Jim told me not to wake up Kate. 吉姆告诉我别叫醒凯特。
我们在来回顾一下remember 的用法:
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事。如:
Remember to post the letter for me. 记住给我邮这封信。
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事。如:
I remember seeing him once. 我记得见过他一次。
【注意】学个对话,记住remember 。
— Remember to invite Tom to your birthday party.
— I remembered inviting him this morning, but he was too busy to come.
——记住邀请汤姆参加你的生日聚会。
——我记得今天上午邀请过他了,可他太忙不能来了。
此外,我们还可以连带地记忆forget 和stop 的用法。
stop 的用法:
stop to do sth. 停止下来,去做另一件事。如:
We are tired. Let‟s stop to have a rest. 我们累了,我们停下来歇会儿吧。
stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事。如:
„Stop talking , please. Let‟s sing an English song.‟ said the teacher.“不要说话了,让我们唱支英文歌曲吧。”老师说。
forget 的用法:
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事。如:
Don‟t forget to turn off the light when you leave. 你离开时不要忘记关灯。
forget doing sth. 忘记已经做了某事。如:
I forgot telling him about it. 我忘记了曾把这件事告诉过他。
1.
2.
Reading (2) 目前,地球上大约90%的可直接饮用的水都位于地下。 本例中的right now意为“目前,现在”,相当于at present。如: I am doing nothing right now. 我现在没做什么事情。 There is a TV show about AIDS on right now . 电视正在播放一个关于艾滋病的节目。 right now还可以表示“立刻;马上”的意思,与immediately 意思相近。如: I‟m sorry. I can‟t show you the slides right now because I lent my projector to my nephew. 我很抱歉,我现在不能马上把幻灯片给你看,因为我把放映机借给我侄子了。 Do it right now . 现在马上做。 a year. 如果一个滴水的龙头可在10分钟灌满一个咖啡杯,那么一年它将能浪费13 500升的水。 fill up意为“装满;填充”。如: The canal would soon fill up with mud if not regularly dredged. 这条运河如果不经常疏浚,就会淤塞。 The driver asked the garage man to fill up his car. 那司机叫汽车库工人给他的车加油。 本例是一个由if 引导的条件状语从句,if 意为“如果”。在这样的句子中,if 后所跟的是条件状语从句,
用来陈述条件,而另一个分句称为主句,用来陈述条件成立时可能出现的结果。现将其用法简单总结如下:
if 条件句不一般,几个要点记心间;条件句,放在前,逗号要放句中间。条件句表可能,主句多用将来时;条件句表事实,主句常用现在时。
在 if 引导的条件状语从句中,如果从句谈论的是一个有可能发生的事实及其产生的相关的结果,主句用一般将来时态,从句用一般现在时态。如:
We can walk there if we can‟t find a bus. 如果没有公车可坐,我们就走路去那里。
If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the zoo. 如果明天下雨,我们就不去动物园了。
What will you do if you find a panda in danger? 如果你碰到熊猫有危险,你会做些什么?
如果 if 条件句谈论的是重复发生和预示要发生的情景和事件,则主从句大多用一般现在时态。如: If bears are in danger, they attack people. 如果受到威胁,它们就会攻击人。
注意:在 if 引导的条件状语从句中,if 和条件句位置灵活,可直接放在主句后面,若 if 条件句放句首,从句后面要加逗号,和主句隔开。
3. 如
果你每次刷牙都把水龙头开着,你可能会浪费22.5升的水。
“leave sth + 动词的-ing 形式”的结构中,动词-ing 形式作宾语补足语,常常用于表示“听任其处于……
状态”,“使……处于某种状态”的意思。如:
The teacher left little Tom standing all the time. 老师让小汤姆一直站着。
What he said left me thinking deeply. 他的话使我陷入了沉思。
each time意为“每一次”,相当于every time。但是each 与every 在使用上是有所区别的。
each 与every 都有“每个”的意思,但二者含义及语法功能不同,主要区别是:
a) each 既可用作形容词,又可用作代词,在句中可以作定语,主语、宾语、同位语、状语等。如:
Each student has his own dictionary. 每个学生都有自己的字典。(形容词,定语)
Each has his good point. 各人有各自的优点。(代词,主语)
Our headteacher had a talk with each of us. 我们的班主任与我们每个人都谈了话。(代词,宾语) The students each have a desk. 学生们每人有一张书桌。(代词,同位语)
The children can have a bag each . 孩子们每人可带一只提包。(副词,状语)
b) each 与every 都可用作形容词,在句中作定语,但each 更强调个人或个别,every 更强调全体或
全部。比较:
I know each number of your family. 我认识你们家的每个成员。
I know every number of your family. 我认识你们家的每个成员。
c) each 指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”;every 是指许多人或事物的“全体”,与all 的意思
相近。试译:
这条街上每边都有很多商店。
[误]There are many shops on every side of the street .
[正]There are many shops on each side of the street .
我给她父母每人一件礼物。
[误]I gave a present to every one of her parents .
[正]I gave a present to each of her parents .
d) 指上下文提到过的确定数目中的“每一个”时,要用each ;如果上下文没有提及时,不能用each ,
要用everyone 等。试译:
我认为这三个答案个个都正确。
[误]I think every answer of the three is right .
[正]I think each of the three answers is right .
我看见人人都忙着工作。
[误]I saw each was busy with his work .
[正]I saw everyone was busy with his work .
e) each 单独作主语或each 、every 修饰的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词为单数形式,但each of them
作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数形式都可以。如:
Each /Each person/Every person is living a happy life now. 人人都过着幸福生活。
f) Each of them are/is wearing full dress. 他们个个都身着盛装。 every 可以与not 连用构成部分否定,意思是“并不/非人人”,而each 则不可以与not 连用。全部
否定是no one,意思是“个个都不”、“没有人”等。如:
人人都不喜欢这个电视剧。
[误]Each/Everyone/Every one of them doesn‟t like the TV play .
[正]No one likes the TV play .
g) each 与other 可构成相互代词,every 则不可以。如:
We should take care of each other and help each other . 我们应该互相关心,互相帮助。
h) 表示“每隔……”、“每……”,要用“every+基数词+复数名词”。这种结构中的every 不能用each
替代。如:
They‟ll choose one out of every ten girls. 他们将在每十个姑娘里挑选一个。
We hand in our homework every three days. 我们每隔两天(每三天)交一次作业。
注意:“每三天或每隔两天”,也可以写作“every third day”,即,若用序数词时,后接单数名词。再如every four weeks/fourth week(每四周/每隔三周),every other day/ second day/two days(每隔一天),every other line(每隔一行)等。
4. That is enough to fill 65 cans of soft drink! 那足以装满65个软饮料罐头。
关于enough 这个词的用法有许多,现小结如下:
英语中enough 表示“足够”,它可以用作名词、形容词和副词,它的具体用法有:
a) 用作形容词,意思是“充足的;足够的”;在句中可作定语和表语。作定语时它的位置较灵活,既
可放在所修饰的词前,也可放在所修饰的词后。如:
We have enough seats (seats enough) for everyone.我们有足够的座位让大家都能坐。
b) 用作副词,意思是“充分地;足够地”,修饰形容词、副词或动词,位于所修饰词的后面。如:
He is not strong enough . 他不够强壮。
She is old enough to understand this. 她年纪已足够大了,能了解这事儿。
I didn't know her well enough . 我对她不够了解。
He did not work hard enough . 他不够用功。
[提示]enough 常用在“be+形容词+enough +for +sb +to do”的结构中,注意do 后面不接宾语。如:
The book is easy enough for you to read. 这本书很简单,你们可以看懂。
c) 作名词,意思是“足够;充分”。如:
—Would you like another cup of tea? 你想再来一杯茶吗?
—I have had enough . Thank you very much. 我已经喝够了。非常感谢。
He couldn‟t earn enough money to keep a family. 他赚得钱不够养活家人。
我们在使用enough 时还要注意以下几点:
a ) enough 不能与no 连用。如不可以说:
I have no enough money to buy a car.
而应说:
I don't have enough money to buy a car.
b ) enough 用作形容词时不可被very 修饰,但可用quite 修饰。如:
We have quite enough time. 我们有足够的时间。
c ) can‟t/can never ... enough表示“越……越好;无论怎样……也不过分”。如:
Y ou can never be careful enough . 你越细心越好。
下面的“口诀”可能对大家理解和掌握enough 的用法有所帮助:“足够”enough词形三,名、形、副词都沾边。用作名词作主/宾,用作形容修饰名,位置前后由你定。副词状语表程度,必在形、副后边行。你若用在形、副前,enough 位置准错用。
5. Believe it or not, … 信不信由你……
believe it or not常常用于句子的开头。如:
Believe it or not, he actually won. 信不信由你,他真地胜利了!
Believe it or not, we were left waiting in the rain for two hours. 信不信由你,我们冒雨一直等了两个小时。
6. A 洗个淋浴至少需要5分钟。
take 作为动词,有以下的一些主要用法:
a ) 拿,取
I want to take some books to the classroom. 我想拿些书到教室。
b ) 吃,喝,服用,放
T ake this medicine three times a day. 每天吃三次药。
Do you take sugar in your milk? 你喝的牛奶里放糖吗?
c ) 乘车(船)等
Shall we go there by bike or take a taxi? 我们是骑自行车去那还是坐出租车去?
They usually take a bus to work. 他们通常乘公交车上班。
d ) 常常和it 连用,it 在句子中作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式。译为“花费(时间)”。如:
How long will it take you to do your homework every day? 每天做作业要花费你多长时间?
Route A takes about 22 minutes. 线路1大约要花22分钟。
e ) “做……事情”,常常和名词连用,表示与该名词意义相关的动作。如:take a walk散步,take a rest
休息一下,take a look看一看,等等。
构成常用的重要词组:
1 ○take away 拿走
Tom takes the knife away from the little boy. 汤姆从小男孩手里把刀拿走了。
2 ○take care (= be careful = look out) 小心;当心
T ake care !The car is coming! 小心!车来了!
3 ○take (good) care of(好好)照顾,照料
I can take care of the baby all by myself. 我自己能照顾这个小孩。
4 ○take down 取下来
T ake down the picture and put up the map of the world. 摘下这张图画,挂上一幅世界地图。
5 ○take out拿出
Please take out a piece of paper and write down your names on it, OK? 拿出一张纸,在上面写下
你们的名字,好吗?
6 ○take off脱下;(飞机等)起飞
Sorry! You have to take off your shoes before getting into the computer room. 对不起,在进入微
机室之前,先要把你的鞋子脱掉。
The plane is going to take off soon. 飞机马上就要起飞了。
7 ○take one‟s time 别着急,慢慢来
Please take your time ! 别着急,慢慢来!
8 ○take one's temperature 量体温
Mingming is ill. The doctor is taking his temperature now. 明明生病了,大夫正在给他量体温。
at least是“至少”的意思。如:
I have to mop the kitchen floor at least once a day. 我每天至少要把厨房地板擦洗一次。
We should brush our teeth at least twice a day. 我们每天应该至少刷两次牙。
其反义词为at most,意为“至多(表超过)”。如:
The freight shall not exceed $2,500 per ton at most, but we trust you will succeed in get easier term. 运费最多不可超过每吨2,500元,相信贵方必能提供更为优厚的条件。
Consolidation
1 Additional exercise
I Choose the best meaning for each word below.(选择与下列单词意思最接近的选项。)
1. freeze
a) look surprised b) feel cold c) stop moving
2. impatient
a) angry because it wanted Daisy to do something
b) pleased because Daisy was wasting water
c) afraid because Daisy was looking at it
3. view
a) things you can see b) things you can hear c) things you can smell
4. speed
a) move fast b) climb c) feel
5. sewage
a) dirty water b) clean things c) unhealthy food
6. journey
a) street b) flight c) trip
7. works
a) the way you work b) factory c) park
8. valuable
a) useful b) harmful c) helpful
II Answer the following questions.(回答下列问题。)
1. Who was Daisy talking to?
Daisy was talking to __________.
2. What does water ask Daisy to do?
Water asks Daisy to __________ __________ __________ __________.
3. Where was the water drop twenty-four hours ago?
It was in a __________ in __________.
4. Where did the water relax for a few days?
In a __________.
5. Where did the water get clean up?
It got cleaned up in the __________ __________ __________.
6. Where will the water go after people finish with it?
It will go to a __________ __________.
7. What is water like?
It‟s like __________ __________.
8. Where does water come from in the first place?
It comes from the __________.
III Complete the sentences with proper words according to the given descriptions in the brackets.(根据括号中所给的单词释义,用适当的单词完成下列句子。)
1. 1 l___________ (1000 millilitres) of water weighs 1 kilograms.
2. The water in this well is not d___________ (suitable for drinking).
3. That cup has a b___________ (damaged) bottom.
4. O____________ (more than) three thousand people will attend the conference this coming Friday.
5. The crisps are too s_____________ (tasting like salt).
IV After you read the website on page 84, what do you think about using water? Write five sentences about your water-using habit. Then check if they are right or wrong.(在阅读了教材中84页的网页后,请检查一下自己的用水习惯。写出自己的五个用水的习惯,并判断是错是对。)
1. _________________________________________________________________________________
It is ____________ (right/wrong).
2. _________________________________________________________________________________
It is ____________ (right/wrong).
3. _________________________________________________________________________________
It is ____________ (right/wrong).
4. _________________________________________________________________________________
It is ____________ (right/wrong).
5. _________________________________________________________________________________
It is ____________ (right/wrong).