2016中考英语阅读理解学案
2011~2015年河南中考考情一览表
考情解读:阅读理解题是中考必考的重点题型之一,共40分,20个小题。体裁主要是记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文。前三篇是选择型阅读,第四篇是任务型阅读,设题形式包括细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、主旨大意题、标题概括题、数字计算题和句子还原题。其中细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、标题概括题和句子还原题是近5年的必考考点。预计2016年阅读理解题的题型和体裁变化不大,选材上会更加注重时代性,更具生活气息。
2.方法指导
阅读理解题的解题步骤:
1. 先读题。首先浏览题目,带着问题去阅读文章。
2. 通读全文,掌握文章大意。学生应该掌握整篇文章的主旨 大意,然后带着问题去找答案。做题要有根据,不要脱离 文章,更不能主观臆测。
3. 再读文章,检查答案。在时间充足的情况下,逐一检查答案是否有误,在更改答案时一定要找到依据,不要随意更 改。
解答阅读理解题的几种技巧:
1. 细节理解题——利用题目的关键词,找到文中相对应的 词、短语或句子,根据文中确定的细节和事
实排除干扰 项,找出正确答案。 解题原则:忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断。文章中心是论点,事实细节是论据或主要理由;有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问,所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。提问的特殊疑问词常有:what, who, which, where, how, why 等
在阅读理解中,要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式
1)Which of the following statement is true?
2)
4)
例题: 1,3 “Mary, your bedroom is a mess(脏乱). Come and clean it up right now.” her mum said. Mary wanted to go outside and play. “I’ll clean it up
“Oh no , you won’t. I’ve been asking you for days,” her mum said .
Mary went into her bedroom. She put away all of her clothes and put all the rubbish into a plastic bag .Mum, I’m going outside to Play now .”
She ran into the back garden .this was her favorite place to be .A small butterfly flew over and landed on Mary’s hand .”You’re a pretty little butterfly ,”May said ,”Does your mum make you keep your
bedroom clean?”
“What if I left my rubbish all didn’t keep the garden clean and tidy ?Would you have a nice Place to sit among the flowers ?”said the butterfly .
“I’d not be happy if I came out to see rubbish here and there ,”Mary said .
“Everybody has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away .
Mary hurried into the house and said to her mother ,”I’ll keep my room clean from now on ,Mum .I’ve got to do my part .”And she did just that .
Which is the correct order for the following to take
place in the story ? (细节题)
A、 Mary played in the back garden
B、 Mary promised to keep her room clean
C、 Mum asked Mary to clean up her room
D、 A butterfly flew over and talker with Mary
E、 Mary cleaned up her room
A. a, c, d, b, e B. c, a, d, b, e
C. c, e, a, d, b D. a, d, b, c, e
2. 推理判断题——在文章中找出据以推断的文字,或根据文章的背景、人物的感情色彩以及文章的基调
来推断,不要 随意发挥。推理判断题:着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。透过现象看本质,领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。以原文内容为前提,据作者的观点理论(非考生观点),客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断,做出一定解释。 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思,又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断,力求从作者的角度去考虑,不要固守自己的看法或观点。推理判断型常见的命题方式有:
1. The passage implies (暗示) that_______.
2. We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that_____.
3. Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?
4. What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
5. The passage is intended to _____.
6. We can learn from this passage that______
7. We can conclude from the passage that_____
8. It can be seen from the passage that_______
例题: Passage 1,3
“Mary, your bedroom is a mess(脏乱). Come and clean it up right now.” her mum said. Mary wanted to go outside and play. “I’ll clean it up
“Oh no , you won’t. I’ve been asking you for days,” her mum said .
Mary went into her bedroom. She put away all of her clothes and put all the rubbish into a plastic bag .Mum, I’m going outside to Play now .”
She ran into the back garden .this was her favorite place to be .A small butterfly flew over and landed on Mary’s hand .”You’re a pretty little butterfly ,”Mary said ,”Does your mum make you keep your bedroom clean?”
“What if I left my rubbish all and didn’t keep the garden clean and tidy ?Would you have a nice Place to sit among the flowers ?”said the butterfly .
“I’d not be happy if I came out to see rubbish here and there ,”Mary said .
“Everybody has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away .
Mary hurried into the house and said to her mother ,”I’ll keep my room clean from now on ,Mum .I’ve got to do my part .”And she did just that .
Q: It can be inferred (推测) from the story that (推理判断题)
A. Mum asked the butterfly to teach Mary
B. the butterfly always Picked up the rubbish left by Mary
C. Mary’s back garden was clean and tidy
D. Mary played with the butterfly every day
3. 词义猜测题——要仔细理解生词前后的关键词语或句子,利用同位语、同义词法、构词法和释义法等进行推测。 (一)根据生活常识猜测词义
Children are always boasting.They say things like“My Dad's car is bigger than your Dad's,”“My Mom is smarter than yours.”and“My family has more money than yours.”
The word“boasting” means __B___
A.骄傲 B.吹牛 C.顽皮 D.幼稚
Many plants and animals are going extinct.Mammoths,which are related(有关联的) with Asia elephants,are now extinct.There are no mammoths in the world today.
1.A mammoth is a kind of _C___.
A.plant B.bird C.animal D.tree
2.The word extinct means _C_
A.出现 B.危险 C.灭绝
Usually people make dumplings at home.If you have no time to make them,you can buy them from any supermarket. Then you take them home and eat them with vinegar.
The wor d“vinegar” means 醋
Water is made from oxygen and hydrogen.
The words“oxygen and hydrogen” mean 氢和氧
(二)根据上下文的意思来猜测
1.Some people like to walk quickly home after work,but I prefer to stroll home and look at the store windows along the way.(溜达)
2.She is usually prompt for all her classes,but today she arrives quite late.(准时的)
3.The door is so low that I hit my head on the lintel.(门梁)
(三)根据转折、因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如: You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。
(四)通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happya nd gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(
火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。
通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
(五)通过构词法猜词
在阅读文章时,总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意,而它们对文章的
理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识,如前缀un-表反义词,如happy、unhappy,fair、unfair,important、unimportant等;后缀-ment表名词,如develop、development,state、statement,argue、argument等;后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词;如calculate、calculator,visit、visitor,law、lawyer,wait、waiter,sci-ence、scientist,art、artist等,这些问题便不难解决了。bi 表示两、重 如:bicycle 自行车 bigamy 重婚
dis 表示分开 如:disarm 裁军 dislike 讨厌
re 表示回、重新 如: review 复习 reaction 反应
un 表示不、非 如:unhappy 不快乐的 unbalance 失去平衡
er 表示人、物 如:teacher 老师 cooker 厨具
able 表示可能的 如: movable 可移动的 passable 可通行的
ful 表示充满 如: beautiful 美丽的 useful 有用的
or 表示人、物 如:actor 男演员 mirror 镜子
ist 表示人 如:copyist 抄写员 socialist 社会主义者
ment 表示行为 如:enjoyment 娱乐 movement 运动
ing 表示令人 如:exciting 令人兴奋的 interesting 令人有兴趣的
ed 表示感到 如:excited 感到兴奋的 interested 感到有兴趣的
less 表示没有的 如: resistless 不抵抗的 homeless 无家可归的
ly 副词后缀 如:gently 轻轻地 intently 专心地
tion 名词后缀 如:graduation 毕业 relation 亲属
(六)通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time.Then there is a dry period,or drought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为“久旱”,“旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。
(七)通过句法功能来推测词义
例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。
(八)通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
4. 主旨大意题——读首尾段,注意文中出现频率较高的单词,正确答案往往是概括全面、含义深刻或说明道理的。1.干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节
2干扰项 可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论
3.干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。
(正确)是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的,但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
提问: 1)What does the writer mainly tell us?
2)What’s the main idea of this text?
3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea?
4)Which is the subject discussed in the text?
5) The main idea of the passage is…
6)What’s the best title for this passage?
例题:Passage 1,3
“Mary, your bedroom is a mess(脏乱). Come and clean it up right now.” her mum said. Mary wanted to go outside and play. “I’ll clean it up
“Oh no , you won’t. I’ve been asking you for days,” her mum said .
Mary went into her bedroom. She put away all of her clothes and put all the rubbish into a plastic bag .Mum, I’m going outside to Play now .”
She ran into the back garden .this was her favorite place to be .A small butterfly flew over and landed on Mary’s hand .”You’re a pretty little butterfly ,”May said ,”Does your mum make you keep your bedroom clean?”
“What if I left my rubbish all didn’t keep the garden clean and tidy ?Would you have a nice Place to sit among the flowers ?”said the butterfly .
“I’d not be happy if I came out to see rubbish here and there ,”Mary said .
“Everybody has to do their part and keep their rooms or their flower gardens clean ,”the butterfly said and then flew away .
Mary hurried into the house and said to her mother ,”I’ll keep my room clean from now on ,Mum .I’ve got to do my part .”And she did just that .
Question: What is the main idea of the story ? (主旨大意题)
A. A butterfly is kids’ best friend
B. Everyone should keep their rooms clean
C. Everybody has to do their part
D. A butterfly is a better teacher than a mother
5. 标题概括题——理解全文,明白文章在讲什么,比较问题的四个选项,与文章关联大、概括全面或者画龙点睛 的标题才符合题意。
6. 数字计算题——仔细阅读短文,弄清数据之间、数据与文中其他信息之间的逻辑关系,然后做简单计算。 7. 句子还原题——要了解上下文之间的联系或语境,按照实际反映情况进行选择,可以将选项逐一放入文中比较,选出最佳选项。《考试说明》对于中学生读的能力要求如下:能理解故事情节和事件发展顺序以及段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系。
此处所指各句子之间的逻辑关系,可分为:平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。
一、平列关系
平列关系指句与句之间处于平等并立的地位,互不相属,只是组合起来,共同说明一个话题。按平列关系组织起来的句群,在次序上并不固定,如果局部改变句子的相互位置并不改变整个语段的意义。 表达平列关系的常用连词和副词有and, at the same time等。
二、顺序关系
顺序关系指构成语段的各个句子只能按事物的发展过程由先而后地顺序排列,不可以随便改动次序。按这种关系组织起来的句群通常表达一个过程的时间顺序或者描述固定的操作程序等。
表达顺序关系的常用连词和副词有:first, second, third (或firstly, secondly, thirdly…), and, then, after that, afterwards, thereafter, finally等。
三、层递关系
层递关系也是一种固定的顺序关系。所不同的是按这种关系组织起来的句群是按语义的轻重、认识的深浅作由轻到重、由浅入深的排列。
表达层递关系的常用连词和副词有:above all, what‟s more, moreover, besides, in addition等。
四、转折关系
转折关系指句与句之间存在着意义的转折。按这种关系组织起来的句群通常表达“对比”、“对照”的意思。
表达转折关系的常用连词和副词有:but, however, yet, while等。
五、总分关系
总分关系指前边的句子陈述两个或两个以上的情况,后边的句子紧接着分别对它们加以说明。用这种方式组织起来的句群能够前后呼应,条分缕析。
六、解释关系
解释关系指后面的句子是对前面的句子作解释、引申、例证,使意义更加明了、具体。
表达解释关系的常用连词和副词有:because, as, for, since等。
七、因果关系
因果关系是一种特殊的解释关系,但不能反过来说,解释关系都是因果关系。按因果关系组成的句群有两种排列方式:一种是从因到果。另一种是从果到因。
表达因果关系的常用连词和副词有: that‟s why, so, so that, as a result等。
-阅读技巧
①要快速浏览全文,掌握主旨和大意,特别注意文章的主题句,理出作者的写作思路。(What is the idea?What are facts?)
②要尽快浏览课文后的思考题,尽量带着问题读;
③完成事实细节题时,要找到定位句;
④要把有关WHO,WHAT,WHERE,HOW和WHY等方面内容用笔圈画出来。
⑤遇到推理判断题时,要注意作者的态度和命题人的意图,不可从个人的经验出发。
强化练习: A
Everyone wants to have good health. As a popular saying goes, “Health is better than wealth.” Good health lets a person enjoy his life and get what he hopes for in his job. _______1_______. So health is necessary to one‟s life happiness. There are many ways to help us build up our health.
Firstly, we should keep a balanced diet. Too much meat and junk food are bad for our health.
_______2_______.
According to doctors‟ advice, we can have some bread, milk, an egg and enough fruit in the morning. For lunch, we can eat rice, vegetables, fruits and some fish or meat. In the evening, we can have some porridge with green beans, some vegetables and meat as well.
_______3_______. We should plan our physical exercise according to our age and our physical condition. For example, the young can do sports like soccer and basketball, while Tai Ji Quan for the old. By doing exercise, students can stay away from diseases and study with more efficiency (效率).
Finally, it is clear that good health is connected to our spirits. We can overcome all kinds of difficulties and keep fit by holding a positive (积极的) attitude towards life. On one hand, some students go on working hard though they fail in exams sometimes. In the end, they get good marks because they think they can make it and never give up. _______4_______.
CBCAD/DBECA
一、阅读理解(共24小题)
1. We know the mosquito very well. Mosquitoes fly everywhere. They can be found almost all over the world, and there are more than 2,500 kinds of them.
No one likes the mosquito. But the mosquito may decide that she loves you. She? Yes,she. It„s true that male mosquito doesn‟t bite(咬) and only the female mosquito bites because she needs blood to lay eggs. She is always looking for things or people she wants to bite. If she likes
what she finds, she bites. But if she doesn„t like your blood,she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood. Next time a mosquito bites you,just remember you are chosen. You‟re different from the others!
If the mosquito likes you,she lands on your body without letting you know. She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different. After she bites,you will have an itch
on your body because she puts something from her mouth together with your blood. By the (痒)
time the itching begins,and she has flown away.
And then what happens? Well,after her delicious dinner,the mosquito feels tired. She just wants to find a place to have a good rest. There,on a leaf or a wall, she begins to lay eggs,hundreds of eggs.
1. “Mosquito” means _______ in Chinese.
A. 苍蝇 B. 蜻蜓 C. 跳蚤 D. 蚊子
2. We know mosquitoes very well because ___________.
A. they can be found easily B. they fly here and there
C. there are many kinds of them D. they can fly
3. If the mosquito doesn„t bite you, it will ________.
A. get angry with you B. be afraid of you
C. make a lot of noise D. choose another one
4. The mosquito bites you _________.
A. when you„re asleep B. because you have choose it
C. too quickly to let you know D. but doesn„t like you
5. Which of the following sentences is wrong?
A. The itching begins after the mosquito bites you.
B. You feel terrible when the mosquito bites you.
C. Mosquitoes use blood to lay eggs.
D. All the mosquitoes don„t like to bite people for blood.
2. My summer hols wr CWOT. B4, we usd 2 go 2 NY 2C my bro, his CF & thr 3:-@ kids FTF ILNY, its gr8.
Can you understand this sentence? If you can't, don't feel too bad: neither could the middle school teacher in England who received this as homework. This is Netspeak: the language of computerized communication found on Internet or cellphones. To newcomers, it can look like a completely foreign language. So, what is the "translation" of the sentence above? My summer holidays were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to New York to see my brother, his girlfriend, and their three screaming kids face to face. I love New York; it's great.
Schoolteachers and parents say this new form of writing is harming(破坏)the English
language. Increasing spelling and grammatical mistakes cxan be seen in students' writing. They fear the language could become corrupted(面目全非的).
Everyone should just relax, say linguists(语言学家). They believe Netspeak is in fact more of a good thing. David Crystal, from the University of Wales, argues that Netspeak and Internet create a new language use and the almost lost art of diary writing has been picked up again. Geoffrey Nunberg, from Stanford University, agrees. "People get better at writing by writing," he says, "Kids who are now doing text messaging, e-mail, and instant messages will write at least as well as, and possibly better than, their parents."
Linguist James Millroy says, for centuries, it is believed without exception that young people are harming the language. And you can bet your bottom dollar that when today's teenagers become tomorrow's parents, they too will think this way. Milroy argues that languages do not and cannot become "corrupted"; they simply change to meet the new needs.
However, Netspeakers do agree that it is important to teach young people how to speak and write Standard English. Cynthia McVey says, "I can understand Netspeak worries teachers and it's important that they get across to their pupils that text messaging is for fun, but that learning to write proper English is a must for their future."
Perhaps we should give teenagers a little more trust anyway. Erin, age 12, says, "I wouldn't use text language in my homework. Texting is just for fun"
1. What is the main purpose of the first paragraph?
A. To give an example of a foreign language.
B. To show an example of creative methods.
C. To express worries about using Netspeak.
D. To lead in the topic of Netspeak.
2. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Cynthia McVey points out teenagers can deal with Netspeak properly.
B. Geoffrey Nunberg believes Netspeakers can write Standard English.
C. David Crystal thinks Netspeak helps develop the habit of writing.
D. James Milroy says that language is changing and improving.
3. The expression "bet your bottom dollar" in Paragraph 5 means ______.
A. be fairly sure B. be greatly surprised
C. think it a pity D. find it interesting
4. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. Netspeak: A Widely-Used Language on Internet
B. Is Netspeak Harming the English Language?
C. Is Netspeak Helpful in Language Learning?
D. Netspeak: Advantages and Disadvantages
3. What do you do if you're strandedon a lonely island? Surely you need to find (处于困境的)
a way to get in touch with the outside world. Your best chance of doing this is to draw the attention of a passing plane.
Body signals(信号)
Pilots from different countries understand body signals if they have the correct training. When you wave your arms up and down in a straight line, it means "yes". When you point downwards and swing your arm from side to side, it means "no". If you want the pilot to know that it's safe to land, push your hands out in front of you and bend(弯曲)your knees. If you want to say that it's not safe to land, put your arms in the air and move them to one side.
Smoke signals
The smoke from a fire can be seen from far away, so it's a good way to draw attention. If the weather is dry, it isn't hard to start a fire. Remember, however, that fires can be very dangerous if they get out of control. Never light a fire unless you're sure that it can't spread. If the ground is dark, light smoke can be seen more easily. Green grass and leaves produce light smoke.
Ground-to-air signals
It's a good idea to build some signals, too. Use large pieces of wood to make the symbols(标记). If you can't find any wood, use earth. Some useful symbols are:
F "I need food and water."
II "I need medicine."
I "I am badly hurt."
X" I am unable to move from here."
Pilots' replies
If the pilot lowers the plane's wings from side to side, this means "message received and understood". (At night, the pilot flashes the plane's green lights.) If the pilots flies the plane in a clockwise circle, this means "message received but not understood".(At night, the pilot flashes the plane's red lights.)
However, there is no signal which means "message not received". Why not?
1.Which picture means "it's not safe land"?
2. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Swinging your arm from side to side means "yes".
B. If the ground is dark, light smoke can't be seen.
C. If you need some medicine, make a symbol "II".
D. The pilots make replies with a blue light at night.
3. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The explanation of building signals on an island.
B. The importance of making signals on an island.
C. Ways of sending out signals on a lonely island.
D. Ways of receiving signals from a lonely island
1答案:1-5 DBDCB 2答案:1-4 DCAB 3答案:1-3 DCC 4答案:1-3 DCB 5答案:1-4 ABDD