机械工程英语翻译

Part2 Unit 12

Nanomaterial and Micro-machine

纳米材料和微型机器

Nanomaterial

纳米材料

Nanomaterials and nanotechnolology have become a magic word in modern society.

纳米材料和纳米技术已成为现代社会一个具有魔幻色彩的词汇。Nanomaterials represent today’s frontier in the development of novel advanced materials and present great promises and opportunities for a new generation of materials with improved and tailorable properties for applications in sensors, optoelectronics, energy storage, separation and catalysis.

纳米材料代表了当今新型先进材料发展的前沿，为具有各种改良的、能按照人们各种要求进行“定制”的性能的新一代材料，在传感器、光电子学、储能、分离和催化剂技术等方面提供了广阔的应用前景。 So nanomaterials are considered as a great potential in the 21th century because of their special properties in many fields such as optics, electronics, magnetic, mechanics, and chemistry.

因此纳米材料被视为21世纪具有巨大的潜力的一种材料，因为在很多领域如光学、电子学、磁学、力学和化学他们的特殊性质。

These uinque properties are attractive for various high performance applications.这些特殊的性质对于各种不同高性能的应用程序 来说具有很大的吸引力。

Exampeples include wear-resistant surfaces, low temperature sinterable high-strength ceramics, and magnetic nanocomposites.例如耐磨的表层以及在低温环境下 具有高张力的陶瓷和磁力纳米复合材料。

Nanostructured materials present great promises and opportunities for a new generation of materials of materials with improved and marvelous properties.纳米结构的材料为新一代具有改良的非凡的性能的材料提供了广阔的前景。

It is appropriate to begin with a brief introduction to the history of the subject.

在这里简单介绍一下纳米材料的历史。

Scientific work on this subject can be traced back over 100 years. 在这

方面的科学研究可以追溯得到100多年以前。

In 1861 the British chemist Thomas Graham coined the term “colloid” to describe a solution contion containing 1 to 100 nm diameter particles in suspension.

在1961年，英国化学家格雷姆首次用"胶体"这个术语来描述一种含有直径为1~100nm的微小悬浮颗粒的溶液。

Around the turn of century, such famous scientists as Rayleigh, Maxwell, and Einstein studied colloids.大约在20世纪末20世纪初的时候，一些有名的科学家如雷利,麦克斯韦和爱因斯坦开始研究胶体。

In 1930 the Langmuir-Blodgett method for developing monolayer films was developed.

1930年，单分子薄膜的狼缪尔布罗杰特方法形成。

By 1960 Uyeda had used electron microscopy and diffraction to study individual particles.

到1960年Uyeda 已经用电子显微镜检查法以及衍射来研究单个粒子。 At about the same time, arc, plasma, and chemical flame furnaces were employed to produce submicron particles.

几乎是同一时间 电弧，单离子体和化学反射炉已经用于生产亚微米粒子了。

Magnetic alloy particles for use in magnetic tapes were produced in 1970.1970年磁力合金粒子已经运用于磁带中了。

By1980, studies were made on clusters containing fewer than 100 atoms. 到1980年，已有很多人开始对含有不到100个原子的原子团进行了研究。 In1985,a team led by Smalley and Kroto found spectroscopic evidence that C60 clusters were unusually stable.

在1985年，一个由斯莫利和克罗托领导的科研小组通过光谱分析证实了C60原子团具有不同寻常的稳定性。

In1991, Lijima reported studies of graphitic carbon tube filaments. 1991年，Lijima 也报道了有关石墨碳管状丝材的研究情况。

Research on nanomaterials has been stimulated by their technological applications.

关于纳米材料的研究是在他们的技术的应用引起的。

The first technological uses of these materials were as catalysts and pigments.这些纳米材料的第一次技术使用是催化剂和天然色素运用。

The large surface area to volume ratio increases the chemical activity. 大面积的体积比增加到化学活动上。

Because of this increased activity, there are significant cost advantages in fabricating catalysts from nanomaterials.

正因为这些增加的研究，从纳米材料上制造催化剂才有了巨大的成本优势。

The properties of some single-phase materials can be improved by preparing them as nanostructurs.

一些单相的材料的性能还可以通过纳米结构来优化。

For example, the sintering temperature can be decreased and the plasticity increased on single-phase, structural ceramics by reducing the grain size to several nanometers.

例如，降低燃烧温度，把颗粒大小缩小几个纳米，可以单相的提升建筑陶瓷的可塑性。

Multiphase nanostructured materials have displayed novel behavior resulting from the small size of the individual phases.

由单个颗粒的小型体积，多相的纳米结构材料已经展示了非比寻常的性质。

In microelectronics, the need for faster switching times and ever larger integration has motivated considerable effort to reduce the size of electronic components.

在微电子学中，对快速转换时间和更大规模的集成电路的需要在减小电子元件尺寸的工作起到了很大的作用

Increasing the component density increased the difficulty of satisfying cooling requirements and reduces the allowable amount of energy released on switching between states.

而增加器件密度又会增加必须满足冷却条件以及减少开关状态转换是所允许的最大能量释放的难度。

It would be ideal if the switching occurred with the motion of a single electron .

在单电子的移动时开关是最理想的状态。

One kind of single-electron device is based on the change in the Coulombic energy （库伦能）when an electron is added or removed from a particle . 当从一个粒子中增加或较少一个电子的时候，一种单电子装置是以库伦能的变化为基础的。

For a nanoparticle this energy change can be large enough that adding a single electron will effectively block the flow of other electrons.

对于纳米粒子来说，这个能量的变化因增加单个电子有效的限制其他电子的流动而充分。

In addition to technology, nanomaterials are also interesting systems for basic scientific investigations.

除了技术，纳米材料的基本科学调查也是有趣的系统。

For example , small particles display deviations偏差 from bulk 体积solid behavior such as reductions in the melting temperature and changes ( usually reductions ) in the lattice parameter.（网状参数）

例如微粒材料和块状材料会呈现出不同的性能，比如其熔点降低和晶格参数变小。

The changes in the lattice parameter observed for metal and semiconductor particles result from the effect of the surface stress, while the reduction in the melting temperature results from the effect of the surface free energy.

金属和半导体粒子观察来的晶状参数变化是来自于表面的压力，而熔点的降低是来自于表层的自由能的作用。

By studying the size dependence of the properties of particles, it is possible to find the critical length scales at which particles behave essentially as bulk matter.

通过研究微粒性能的数量相关性，有可能发现微粒像块状材料性能的临界尺度。

Generally, the physical properties of a nanoparticle approach bulk values for particles containing more than a fen hundred atoms.

一般说来，纳米粒子如果达到包含有几百个原子的大小时，其物理性能就会接近块体材料。

New techniques have been developed recently that have permitted researchers to produce larger quantities of other nanomaterials.

发展的新技术已经被研究学者用于发掘纳米材料的更多的性能了。Each fabrication technique has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. 每项制造技术都有其优缺点。

Chemical techniques are very versatile in that they can be applied to nearly all materials (ceramics, semiconductors, and metals) and can usually produce a large amount of materials.

化学技术是通用的，它可以运用到陶瓷，半导体以及金属等所有种材料中，还可以用来生产大量的其他材料。

A difficulty with chemical processing is the need to find the proper chemical reactions and processing conditions for each material.

化学处理的困难是需要找到合适每种材料的化学反应以及反应条件。

The ability to characterize nanomaterials has been increased greatly by the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope(STM) and other proximal probes such as the atomic force microscope(AFM), the magnetic force microscope, and the optical near-field microscope .

因为扫描隧道电子显微镜以及源自显微镜和磁力显微镜等类似仪器的发明，人们对纳米的特点的认知能力又大大增强了。

STM has been used to carefully place atoms on surfaces to write bits using a small number of atoms.

STM

（扫描隧道电子显微镜）技术一般用来将少量的单个原子小心地“搬运”到某些材料得的表面来书写二进制数码。

It has also been employed to construct a circular arrangement of metal atoms on an insulating surface and hence a nano-scale electronic component is fabricated.

它还可以用来在绝缘表面将金属原子摆放成一个环状图形，从而制造出纳米尺寸的电子器件。

Other new instruments and improvements of existing instruments are increasingly becoming important tools for characterizing surface of films, biological materials, and nanomatirials.

其他新的工具和现有工具的改善已经成为显现薄膜表层，生物材料以及纳米材料的主要手段。

The development of nanoindentors and the improved ability to interpret resulting from nanoindentation measurements have increased our ability to study the mechanical properties of nanostructured materials.

纳米材料的发展以及改良的纳米技术的测量能力的展现增强了我们去研究纳米结构材料的性能的能力。

Improved high-resolution electron microscopes and modeling of the electron microscope images have improved our knowledge of the structure of the particles and the interphase region between particles in consolidated nanomaterials.

改良的高分辨率的电子显微镜以及 电子显微镜图像的模型提高了我们对粒子的结构以及在加固的纳米材料的分裂区间的认识。

Micro-machine 微型机器

Introduction 介绍

From the beginning, mankind seems instinctively to have desired large machines and small machines.

从一开始，人类似乎就本能地有一种想制造“大机器”和“小机器”的愿望。

That is , “large” and “small” in comparison with human －scale. 这里的所谓“大”和“小”是相对人类本身的尺寸而言的。

Machines larger than human are powerful allies in the battle against the fury of nature; smaller machines are loyal partners that do whatever they are told.

比人体大的机器将称成为人类同暴虐无情的自然界作斗争的得力帮手，而那些小机器则只能乖乖听从人类的命令，让干什么就干什么。

If we compare the facility and technology of manufacturing larger machines, common sense tells us that the smaller machines are easier to make.

如果我们将生产大型机器的设备和技术相比，常识告诉我们小型机器更容易制造。

Nevertheless, throughout the history of technology, larger machines have always stood out.

尽管如此，整个技术的历史，较大型机器一直很突出。

The size of the restored models of the water-mill invented by Vitruvius in the Roman Era, the windmill of the Middle Ages,and the steam engine invented by Watt is overwhelming.

维特鲁维在罗马时代发明恢复模型尺寸大小的水车，中世纪的风车，和瓦特发明的蒸汽机是势不可挡的。

On the other hand, smaller machines in history of technology are mostly tools. 另一方面，小型机器的科技历史大部分是工具。

If smaller machines are easier to make, a variety of such machines existed ，but until modern times ,no significant small machines existed except for guns and clocks.

如果小型机器相对容易制造，那么会存在一系列这样的机器，但直到现代，没有重要的小机器存在除了枪和闹钟外。

This fact may imply that smaller machines were actually more difficult to make.

这样的事实可能暗示较小机器事实上是更难制造。

Of course, this does not mean simply that it was difficult to make a small machine; it means that it was difficult to invent a small machine that would be significant to human beings.

当然，这并不简单意味着制造一个小机器是很困难的；而是意味着创造一个小机器是困难的，那将对人类是重要的。

Some people might say that mankind may not have wanted smaller machines.

一些人可能会说人类可能不需要较小型机器。

This theory, however, does not explain the recent popularity of palm-size mechatronics products.

然而，这一理论并不能解释最近流行的手掌大小的机电一体化产品。

The absence of small machines in history may be due to the extreme difficulty in manufacturing small precision parts.

历史上小机器的缺乏可能是由于制造高精度小部件极度困难。

The dream of the ultimate small machine, or micro-machine, was first depicted in detail about 30 years ago in the 1966 movie “Fantastic Voyage.”

最终的小机器或微型的梦想，首次被描述在详细介绍30年前在1966年的“奇妙的航行”科幻电影中。

At the time, the study of micro-machining of semiconductors had already begun.

那时候，半导体的微细加工的研究已经开始。

Therefore, manufacturing minute mechanisms through micro-machining of semiconductors would have been possible.

然而，通过半导体的微加工制造分钟的机制是有可能的。

There was, however, a wait of over 20 years before the introduction of electrostatic motors and gears made by semiconductor micro-machining. 然而，有等待超过20年引进的半导体微细加工制成的静电马达和齿轮。

Why didn’t the study of micro-machining and the dream of micro-machines meet earlier?

为什么不把微加工的研究和微型机械的梦想早一点接触呢?

A possible reason for this is as follows.

一个可能的原因如下。

In addition to micro-machining, the development of micro-machines requires a number of technologies including materials, instrumentation, control, energy, information processing, and design.

此外微加工，微型机器的发展需要许多科技技术包括物材、仪器仪表、控制、能源、信息处理和设计。

Before micro-machine research and development can be started, all of these technologies must reach a certain level.

在微型机器研究和发展开始前，所有这些技术必须达到一定水平。 In other words, the overall technological level, as a whole, must reach a certain critical point, but it hadn’t reached that point 40 years ago.

换句话说，整体技术水平，作为一个整体，必须达到一定的临界点，但在40年以前是达不到这一点。

Approximately 20 years after “Fantastic Voyage ,”the technology level for micro-machines finally reached a critical point.

大约在科幻电影《奇妙的航行》上映后20年，微型机械的技术终于达到一个相当水平。

Micro-motors and micro-gears made by semiconductor micromachining

were introduced at about that time, triggering the research on development of micro-machines.

用半导体加工技术制造出的微型电动机和微型齿轮机构开始在那时候出现，从而刺激了微型机械的研究和发展。

Micromachines as Gentle Machine

微电机作为温和的机器

The most unique feature of a micro-machine is , of course, its small size.Utilizing its tiny dimensions , a micro-machine can perform tasks in a revolutionary way that would be impossible for conventional machines.

当然，它的体积小的微型机器的最独特的功能。利用其微小的尺寸，微机器可以一种革命性的方式，执行传统的机器不可能的任务。 That is , micro-machines do not affect the object or the environment as much as conventional machines do.

也就是说，相比传统机器，微型机器可以尽可能多的不影响它的对象或环境。

Micro-machines perform their tasks gently. This is a fundamental difference between micro-machines and conventional machines.

微型机器可以柔和的执行他们的任务。这是微型机器和常规机器之间的根本区别。

The medical field holds the highest expectations for benefits from this feature of micro-machines.

在医疗领域拥有最高期望得益于微型机器的特点。

Diagnosis and treatment will change drastically from conventional methods, and “Fantastic Voyage” may no longer be a fantasy.

诊断和治疗将从传统方法上发生急剧变化，同时“神奇之旅”可能不再是一个幻想。

If a micro-machine can gently enter a human body to treat illnesses, humans will be freed from painful surgery and uncomfortable gastro-camera testing.

如果一个微型机器可以轻轻地进入人体，以治疗疾病，人类将摆脱痛苦的手术和不舒服的胃肠相机测试。

Furthermore, if micro-machines can halt the trend of ever-increasing size in medical equipment, it could slow the excess growth and complexity of medical technology, contributing to the solving of serious problems with high medical costs for citizens.

此外，如果微型机器可以控制医疗设备日益增加大尺寸，它可能会放缓医疗技术过剩的增长和复杂性，从而促使公民高额的医疗费用问题得到解决。

Micro-electronics and mechatronics

微型电子和机电一体化

The concept of micro-machines and related technologies is still not adequately unified, as these are still at the development stage.

微型机器和相关技术的概念，还没有充分统一，因为这是仍处于发展阶段。

The micro-machines and related technologies are currently referred to by a variety of different terms.

目前，微型机器及其相关技术涉及许多不同术语。

In the United States, the accepted them is “Micro Electro Mechanical Systems” (MEMS); in Europe, the term “Microsystems Technology” (MST) is common, while the term “micro-engineering” is sometimes used in Britain.

在美国，“微机电系统”（MEMS）是被接受的，在欧洲通常叫“微系统技术”（MST）而在英国它被称作“微型工程”。

Meanwhile in Australia “Micro-machine” .

与此同时它在澳大利亚被称作“微型机器”。

The most common term if it is translated into English is "micro-machine” in Japan.

最常见到术语，在日本它如果被翻译成英文是“微型机器”。

However “Micro-robot” and “Micro-mechanism are also available case by case.

但是“微型机器人”和微观机制“也是到处可见的。

The evolution of machines and micromachines

机器和微型机器的发展

Many researchers see micro-machines as the ultimate in mechatronics , developed out of machine systems.

许多研究人员把微型机器看作是机电一体化最终开发的系统。

Ever since the Industrial Revolution, machine systems have grown larger and larger in the course of their evolution.

自从工业革命以来，机器系统在其演化过程中已经越来越大。 Only very recently has evolution in the opposite direction begun, with the appearance of mechatronics.

最近机电一体化的外观次啊开始在反方向的演变。

Devices such as video cameras, tape recorders, portable telephones, portable copiers which at one time were too large to put one’s arms around , now fit on the palm of one’s hand .

设备，如摄像机，录音机，便携式电话，便携式复印机，曾经太大以至于拿起来就是身边的武器，现在适合放在也个人的手上。

Miniaturization through mechatronics has resulted mainly from the development of electronic controls and control software for machine systems, but the changes to the structural parts of machine systems have been minor compared to those in the control systems .

机械电子技术的发展带来的结构微型化主要是机械系统中电子控制技术和控制软件发展的结果。但机械系统结构部件的发展变化与控制系统的技术发展还是无法相比。

The next target in miniaturization of machine systems is miniaturization of the structural parts left untouched by present mechatronics.

机械系统微型化的下一个目标是当前电子技术尚未触及到的结构部件的微型化。

These are the micro-machines which are seen as the ultimate in mechatronics.

这就是所谓被视为机械电子学终极发展目标的微型机械

Seen in this light, the aim of micro-machines can be expressed as follows:

由此看来，微型机器的目的，可以表示如下

“Micro-machines are autonomous machines which can be put on a fingertip, composed of parts the smallest sized of which is a few dozen micrometers.”

微型机器是可以放在指尖上的自动机器，它的组成部分最小的尺寸是几十微米。

That is, since micro-machines which can be put on a fingertip have to perform operations in spaces inaccessible to humans, they are required to

be autonomous and capable of assessing situations independently, as are intelligent robots.

也就是说，既然要小到可以放在指尖上的微型机械完成那些由于空间位置限制人类而无法实行的操作，这些微型机械就应该具有”自治“能力，也就是说它们就像那些智能机器人一样，可以多所处的工作环境独，立做出判断。

To achieve this kind of functionality, a large number of parts must be assembled in a confined space. 要实现这种功能，大量的部件必须组装在一个密闭空间内。

This factor determines the size of the smallest parts, and given the resolution of micro-machining systems, a target size of several dozen micrometers should be achievable.

这个因素决定了组成部分的最小尺寸，由于微加工系统的解决，目标在几十微米大小是可以实现。