论文书写规范
玉林师范学院
英语类专业毕业论文书写与打印规范
玉林师范学院外语系
2008年4月
目 录
一、论文文字和字数 ………………………………………………………………… 1
二、论文书写和装订 ………………………………………………………………… 1
三、论文页面设置 …………………………………………………………………… 1
1、页眉 …………………………………………………………………………………1
2、页边距 ………………………………………………………………………………1
3、页码的书写要求 ……………………………………………………………………1
四、引用文献 ……………………………………………………………………………… 1
五、名词术语 ……………………………………………………………………………… 3
六、数字 …………………………………………………………………………………… 3
七、表格(Table) ………………………………………………………………………… 3
八、图(Figure)…………………………………………………………………… 3
1、制图标准 …………………………………………………………………………… 3
2、图题及图中说明 …………………………………………………………………… 4
3、插图编排 …………………………………………………………………………… 4
4、论文原件中照片图 ………………………………………………………………… 4
九、例句 ……………………………………………………………………………… 4
十、注释(Note) ………………………………………………………………………… 4 十一、参考文献(References) …………………………………………………………… 4
(一)外文参考文献编排格式 ………………………………………………………….. 5
(二)中文参考文献编排格式 ……………………………….…………………….…… 6
1、连续出版物 ………………………………………………………………………… 6
2、专著 ………………………………………………………………………………… 6
3、会议论文集 ………………………………………………………………………… 6
4、学位论文 …………………………………………………………………………… 6
5、报告 ………………………………………………………………………………… 6
6、专利文献 ……………………………………………………………………………7
7、国际、国家标准 …………………….……………………………………………… 7
8、报纸文章 …………………………………………………………………………… 7
9、电子文献 …………………………………………………………………………… 7 十二、附录(Appendix) …………………………………………………………………… 8 十三、论文布局安排和书写格式 ………………………………………………………… 8
1、封面 ………………………………………………………………………………… 8
2、英文论文题目、作者、指导教师、摘要和关键词 ……….……………………… 8
3、中文论文题目、作者、指导教师、摘要和关键词 …………….………………… 9
4、目录Contents ………………………………………..……………………………… 9
5、论文正文 …………………………………………………………………………… 9
6、注释Notes…………………………………………………………………10
7、参考文献References………………………………………………………………… 10
8、附录Appendix……………………...……………………………………… 10
9、致谢Acknowledgements…………………………………………………… 10
10、封底 ………………………………………..……………………………………… 10 十四、毕业论文(设计)封面模板 ……………………………………………….……… 10
1、普通四年制学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板 ……………………….……………11
2、在我院独立办班或插班的专升本学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板 …….……… 11
3、在办学点的专升本学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板 ………………………….… 11
玉林师范学院英语类专业毕业论文书写与打印规范
说明:本规范是根据英语专业特点,参照学科领域内通用的要求和规范,在《玉林师范学院毕业论文(设计)书写与打印规范》(玉师院教学〔2006〕17号)的基础上修改而成的。
一、论文文字和字数
英文字体:Times New Roman;汉语字体:简化汉字,宋体;字数7000-20000字。
二、论文书写和装订
论文一律在计算机上输入、编排,用A4纸单面打印。
论文应左侧装订,不掉页。包本用的封面与内芯不脱落,后背平整、不空。两页页码之间误差不超过4mm。内芯上端、下端的订位为两钉,订眼距书芯上下各1/4处,允许误差±4mm;纸左边与钉锯的距离为3mm~5mm;无坏钉、漏钉、重钉,针脚平伏牢固;后脊不可散页明订。封面和封底用学校统一发的论文封面纸打印,用胶水粘贴,胶口不超过5毫米。
三、论文页面设置
1、页眉
从论文正文开始,至附录页,都要加上页眉,英文用小五号Times New Roman,居中;奇数页的页眉内容:BA Thesis of Yulin Normal University,偶数页的页眉内容:论文题目(英文)。
2、页边距
论文的上边距:2.5厘米;下边距:2.5厘米;左边距:3.0厘米;右边距:2.5厘米;页眉:1.5厘米;页脚:1.75厘米;行间距为1.5倍行距。
3、页码的书写要求
论文页码的字号字体为小五号Times New Roman体,从论文正文开始,至致谢,用阿拉伯数字连续编排,页码位于页面底端居中。
四、引用文献
引用分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用须在引文上加上引号并采用夹注的方式标明出处。间接引用可分为三种情况:用自己的话加以解释(paraphrase);用自己的话加以归纳或总结;在他人观点的基础上加以发挥。三者都需要采用夹注的方式注明出处。
引用文献标示方式应全文统一,并采用所在学科领域内通用的方式。
夹注的方式如下:
先写圆括号,然后在其内列出被引述作者的姓氏、书刊出版的年代、被引述的页码,中间分别用逗号和冒号连接,如:(Olsen, 1992:125-163);夹注中如被引述作者是中文作者,要求使用被引述作者姓氏的拼音,如:(Yang, 1999:231)。
如引文较长者(中文100字以上,英文50词以上,诗2行以上)宜另起一行,不加引号,左右各缩进5个字母,首句不再缩进。
不得将引用文献标示置于各级标题处。
夹注的具体要求:
1) 来自文章、专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:
格式:出版年份:页码
例: Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process”(1986:241).
2 ) 来自文章、专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中没有出现:
格式:作者姓名,出版年份:页码
例: The underlying assumption is that language “bound up with culture in multiple and
complex ways”(Elli, 1968: 3).
3 ) 来自文章、专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:
格式:出版年份:引文页码
例:According to Alun Rees (1986:234)〔也可位于引语的最后〕, the writers focus on
the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning
situation {(1986:234)}.
4 ) 来自文章、专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中没有提到:
格式:作者姓名 出版年份:引文页码
例:It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is
of primary importance ( Robertson, 1987: 136).
5) 转引
如果你的引用不是从原著中获得,而是来自二手资料,你就需要在引用完后用圆括弧注明来源,在来源前加上“qtd in” 的字样。在参考文献目录部分,你就按引用的实际出处撰写条目。
例:Gothe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman, 1958:104).
五、名词术语
科技名词术语及设备、元件的名称,应采用国家标准或部颁标准中规定的术语或名称。标准中未规定的术语要采用行业通用术语或名称。全文名词术语必须统一。一些特殊名词或新名词应在适当位置加以说明或注解。
采用英语缩写词时,除本行业广泛应用的通用缩写词外, 文中第一次出现的缩写词应该用括号注明英文全文。
六、数字
按国家语言文字工作委员会等七单位1987年发布的《关于出版物上数字用法的试行规定》,除习惯用中文数字表示的以外, 一般均采用阿拉伯数字。年份一概写全数,如2003年不能写成03年。
七、表格(Table)
每个表格应有表题,由表序和表名组成。
表序一般按章编排,如第一章第一个表的表序为“Table 1.1”等。表序与表名之间空一格,表名中不允许使用标点符号,表名后不加标点。表题置于表上居中(小四号Times New Roman加粗,数字和字母为小四号Times New Roman体加粗)。
表头设计应简单明了,不用斜线。表头与表格为一整体,不得拆开排写于两页。 全表如用同一单位,将单位符号移至表头右上角。
表中数据应正确无误,书写清楚。数字空缺的格内加“-”字线(占2个数字),不允许用“*”、“同上”等之类的写法。
表内文字用五号Times New Roman,句末不加标点。
必要时应将表中的符号、标记、代码,以及需要说明事项,以最简练的文字,用五号Times New Roman横排于表题下,作为表注,也可以附注于表下。仅有一条附注时写成“Note:”;有多条附注时,附注各项的序号一律用阿拉伯数字,例如:“Note 1:”。
八、图(Figure)
毕业设计的插图应与文字紧密配合,文图相符,技术内容正确。选图要力求精练。
1、制图标准
制图应符合国家标准及专业标准。对无规定符号的图形应采用该行业的常用画法。
2、图题及图中说明
每幅插图由图号和图名组成。图号按章编排,如第一章第一图的图号为“Figure 1.1”等。图题置于图下,居中,英文图题用小四号Times New Roman体加粗,如需中文图题,用小四号宋体加粗,并在括弧内附英文图题。必要时,应将图上的符号、标记、代码,以及实验条件等,用最简练的文字,用五号Time New Roman横排于图题下方,
作为图的说明。图名在图号之后空一格排写。引用图应说明出处,在图题右上角加引用文献号。图中若有分图时,分图号用(a)、(b)等置于分图之下。
3、插图编排
插图与其图题为一个整体,不得拆开排写于两页。插图处的该页空白不够排写该图整体时,可将其后文字部分提前排写,将图移至次页最前面。
4、论文原件中照片图
毕业论文原件中的照片应是直接用数码相机拍照的照片,或是原版照片粘贴,不得采用复印方式。照片可为黑白或彩色,应主题突出、层次分明、清晰整洁、反差适中。显微照片必须注明放大倍数。
九、例句
例句较多时,宜按顺序用(1)(2)(3)…将之编号。每例另起,空两格,回行时与上一行例句文字对齐。中文例句可酌情在括弧内给出英语译文。
十、注释(Notes)
毕业论文中有个别名词或情况需要解释时,可加注说明,注释采用篇末注(将全部注文集中在文章末尾)。注应编排序号,注的序号以出现的先后次序排序,用①、②、③„„依次标示在需加注处,以上标形式表示。
篇末注部分在论文正文后、参考文献前。注的说明文字以序号开头,具体说明文字为五号字,以悬挂缩进的方式排列。
篇末注格式:
①All the quotations from the novel are taken from : Thomas Hardy. Jude the Obscure. Oxford: OUP. 1991.
十一、参考文献(References) 〔与夹注相对应〕
(说明:本格式主要参考了《外语教学与研究》等杂志以及部分大学外语学院毕业论文格式要求。)
参考文献不低于15种,其中外文文献原则上不少于二分之一;所列参考文献的基本内容应在论文中有所体现。参考文献以夹注的形式在文中标出(具体要求见第四条规定)。
以“References”字样居中排作为标识;文献条目不标序号,按作者姓氏(中文姓氏按其汉语拼音)的字母顺序、中外文分别排列,外文文献在前,中文文献在后。
每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。
主要责任者不超过三个时,可全部照录,超过三个时,只录前三个责任者,其后加“等”字或者其他与之相应的字,不加“著”、“编”、“合编”等责任说明,外文参考文献其后加上“et al”。
(一)外文参考文献编排格式
外文书名以斜体书写,实词首字母大写;外文论文篇名以正体书写,仅篇名首字母大写。每条顶格写,回行时空2格。例如:
1.专著
(1)作者的姓名(英文作者的姓,名),书名,出版地:出版商,年份。 例: Bloomfield, L. Language [M]. New York: Holt, 1933.
如果同一作者两本以上同年出版的参考书,在年份后用a,b ,c 等标出。 例:
Chomsky, N. Lectures on Government and Binding[M]. Dordrecht: Foris. 1981a . Chomsky, N. Theory of Markedness in Generative Grammar[M]. Pisa, Italy: Scuola
Normale Superiore. 1981b.
(2)书的主编:
例:Hall, David, ed. The Oxford Book of American Literary Anecdotes[C]. New York:
OUP, 1981.
(3)机构作者:
例:American library association. Intellectual Freedom Manual[M]. 2nd ed. Chicago:
ALA, 1983.
(4)翻译著作:
例:Calvino, Ian. The Uses of Literature[M]. (P. Creagh Trans.) San Diego: Harcourt,
1986.
2. 文章:
格式:作者姓名,篇名,刊名,刊物的卷号和期号,年份,文章的起止页码。
(1) 期刊文章
例:Boling, D. The atomization of meaning. [J]. Language 41(1965):555-573.
(2)论文集的文章:
例:Peters, A. M. & T. B. Stephen. Interaction routines as cultural influences
upon language acquisition [A]. In Schieffelin, B. B. & E. Ochs (eds).
Language Socialization Across Cultures [C]. Cambridge: CUP. 1986: 80-96.
3. 网上下载的文献应注明相关网页的网址,如:
例:Jiang, Yan. The Tao of Verbal Communication: An Elementary Textbook on
Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis. http://www.polyu.edu.hk/~cbs/jy/teach.htm, 2000.
(二)中文参考文献编排格式
1、连续出版物
主要责任者.文献题名[J] .刊名,卷号(期号) 出版年份:起止页码.
例如:宋维明.用科学发展观指导高校教育改革的实践[J].北京林业大学学报,2005 (4)(增刊):8-10.
2、专著
主要责任者.文献题名[M] .出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.
例如:王沙生.杨树栽培生理研究.北京:北京农业大学,1991:11-12.
3、会议论文集
主要责任者.文献题名[A]//主编.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码. 例如:韩海荣.加强实践教学是培养创新人才的保障[A]//宋维明.高校教学改革、探索、实践[C] .北京:中国林业出版社,2002:362-365.
4、学位论文
主要责任.文献题名[D] .保存地:保存单位,年份.
例如:李梅.辽东栎天然群体表型多样性研究[D] .北京:北京林业大学,1998.
5、报告
主要责任.文献题名[R] .报告地:报告会主办单位,年份.
例如: 江泽民.全面建设小康社会,开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面[R] .北京:人民出版社,2002:38.
6、专利文献
专利所有者.专利题名[P] .专利国别:专利号,发布日期.
例如:姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P] .中国专利:881056078,1983-08-12.
7、国际、国家标准
标准代号,标准名称[S] .出版地:出版者,出版年.
例如: GB/T 16159—1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S] .北京:中国标准出版社,1996.
8、报纸文章
主要责任者.文献题名[N] .报纸名,出版日期(版次).
例如:晓颂,韦国华.高校结盟发展“教学共同体”[N] .光明日报,2001-06-08(B1).
9、电子文献
主要责任者.电子文献题名[文献类型/载体类型] .电子文献的出版或可获得地址,发表或更新的期/引用日期(任选).
例如:王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展
[DB/OL].http://www.cajcd.cn/pub/wml.txt/980810-2.html,1998-08-16/1998-10-04.
引用参考文献类型及其标识说明如下:
根据GB3469规定,以单字母方式标识以下各种参数文献类型,如表2.1:
表2.1 参数文献的标识
对于数据库、计算机程序及光盘图书等电子文献类型的参考文献,以下列字母作为标识,如表2.2:
表2.2 电子文献的标识
引用电子文献的范围仅限于以上三种。
关于参考文献的未尽事项可参见国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则》(GB7714-
87)。
十二、附录(Appendix)
附录是不宜放在正文中,但有参考价值的内容。如:公式推演、各种篇幅较大的图纸、数据表格、计算机程序、实地调查第一手资料等。
论文的附录依序用大写正体A,B,C……编序号,如:Appendix A。附录中的图、表、式等另行编序号,与正文分开,也一律用阿拉伯数字编码,但在数码前冠以附录序码,如:Figure A1;Table B2等,字体字号同前。
十三、论文布局安排和书写格式
1、封面(第1页,不编页码)。用学校统一发放的论文封面纸打印和装订。格式:先写英文题目(小二号Times New Roman体,居中),中文题目后(小二号隶书,居中)。
2、英文论文题目、作者、指导教师、摘要和关键词(以上均为英文)(第2页,不编页码)
英文论文题目(三号Times New Roman体,居中)。
作者、班级、专业(姓名前先写“Author:”,班级前先写“Class:”字样,小四号Times New Roman体,居中)。
指导教师姓名(先写“Supervisor:”字样,空一格再写指导教师姓名,小四号Times New Roman体,居中)。
英文摘要(英语摘要包括:“Abstract”字样、摘要正文,英文摘要300字左右,内容应与中文摘要一致,并要符合英语语法,语句通顺,文字流畅。“Abstract”字样用Times New Roman四号居中,段前段后各设为0.5行;摘要正文另起一行,Times New Roman小四号)。
英文关键词(英文关键词与英文摘要之间要空一行,前面留空4个字符,包括“Key words:”字样和关键词,英文关键词内容及书写要求中文关键词一致。“Key words”字样后带冒号,关键词一般为3~5个,每一关键词之间用逗号分开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。“Key words:”字样小四号Times New Roman加粗、关键词Times New Roman小四号)。
3、中文论文题目、作者、指导教师、摘要和关键词(第3页,不编页码)。 中文论文题目(三号黑体,居中)
作者的专业、班级、作者姓名(小四号宋体,姓名中间不空格。)
指导教师姓名(小四号宋体,姓名中间不空格。)
中文摘要(中文摘要包括:“摘要”字样、摘要正文。“摘要”字样四号黑体加粗居中,段前段后各设为0.5行;摘要正文另起一行,宋体小四号)。
中文关键词(中文关键词与中文摘要之间要空一行,前面留空2个汉字,包括“关键词”字样和关键词。“关键词”字样后带冒号,关键词一般为3~5个,每一关键词之间用逗号分开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。“关键词:”字样小四号宋体加粗、关键词宋体小四号)。
4、目录Contents(第4页,不编页码)
目录包括“Contents”字样、章节标题和章节的页码。
目录的三级标题,按“1……、1.1……、1.1.1……”的格式编写。Contents一般为3级标题,最多不能超过四级标题,实词首字母大写。
“Contents”字样为一行,用三号Times New Roman体,居中。
目录中的所有阿拉伯数字用Times New Roman体,第一级标题(包括章、谢辞、注释、参考文献和附录等)用小四号Times New Roman加粗,其余用小四号Times New Roman。低级标题比相邻高级标题向右缩进2个字符位置,如:
Contents
1.Introduction ……………………………………………………………………1
2.Literature Review ………………………………………………………………2
2.1…………………………………………………………………………………3
2.1.1……………………………………………………………………………4 …
5、论文正文(第5页,开始编页码,从第1页开始编码)
正文一般包含以下内容:
(1)引言Introduction,简要说明本研究的背景(研究对象、初始定义及该研究的重要性)、研究目的(要解决哪个具体问题)、研究方法以及全文的结构。应言简意赅,不要与摘要雷同,不要成为摘要的注释。
(2)文献综述Literature Review, 主要介绍其他学者对本研究对象各个方面的看法/论述、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容。
(3)论文主体
(4)结论Conclusion,总结本研究的主要成果,并指出本研究尚存在的问题及今后的努力方向。
论文正文不写论文标题,正文分层次撰写。章节标题要突出重点、简明扼要,字数一般在15字以内, 不得使用标点符号。标题中尽量不采用英文缩写词,对必须采用者,应使用本行业的通用缩写词。
层次以少为宜,根据实际需要选择。正文层次的编排和代号要求统一,层次为章(如“1”)、节(如“1.1”)、条(如“1.1.1”)、款(如“(1)”)、项(如“a、”)。层次用到哪一层次视需要而定,若节后无需“条”时可直接列“款”、“项”。
章标题:小四号Times New Roman加粗,段前段后各设为0.5行,左边顶格。
节标题:小四号Times New Roman加粗,段前段后各设为0.5行,左边留空4个字符。
条标题:小四号Times New Roman加粗,段前段后各设为0.5行,左边留空4个字符。
款标题:小四号Times New Roman,左边留空4个字符。
正文:小四号Times New Roman,每段左边留空4个字符。
数字和字母:论文中出现的所有数字和字母如无特殊要求都用Times New Roman体。
6、注释Notes(根据论文需要书写):小四号Times New Roman加粗居中,段前段后各设为0.5行;注释正文用小四号Times New Roman;注释的页码与正文的页码连续。
7、参考文献:“References”字样,小四号Times New Roman加粗居中,段前段后各设为0.5行;参考文献外文用小四号Times New Roman,中文用宋体小四号,每条顶格写,回行时空2格;参考文献的页码与正文的页码连续。
8、附录(根据论文需要书写):“Appendix”字样,小四号Times New Roman加粗居中,段前段后各设为0.5行,附录正文用小四号Times New Roman;附录的页码与正文的页码连续。
9、致谢:“Acknowledgements”字样,小四号Times New Roman加粗居中,段前段后各设为0.5行,致谢正文用小四号Times New Roman;致谢的页码与正文的页码连续。
10、封底。
十三、毕业论文(设计)封面模板
1、普通四年制学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板及范文。(附1)
2、在我院独立办班或插班的专升本学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板。(附2)
3、在办学点的专升本学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板。(附3)
玉林师范学院外语系
2007年4月
附1 : 普通四年制学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板及范文
玉林师范学院本科生毕业论文
A Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis between English and
Chinese Address Forms and Their Translation
英汉称呼语的语用对比分析及翻译
院 系
专 业
学 生 班 级
姓 名
学 号
指导教师单位
指导教师姓名
指导教师职称
外语系 英语 2003级2班 张丽 [1**********]5 外语系 李燕 教授
A Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis between English and Chinese
Address Forms and Their Translation
Author: Zhang Li Class: 2003-2, Foreign Languages Department
Supervisor: Li Yan
Abstract
Address forms, though not a new topic in academic research is still worth studying for its importance in use. On the basis of former researches on the static analysis of address forms, the thesis develops a contrastive analysis of English and Chinese address forms from the perspective of pragmatics and then applies it to the practice of translation. First, the author gives a tentative classification of address forms, and then by the contrast analysis of different categories of English and Chinese address forms, makes the differences between them appear gradually. From that summarizes the main factors that effect the pragmatic translation of English and Chinese address forms such as context, culture, and the relationship between the interlocutors. At last some suggestions are drawn followed naturally based on the discussion above. The research shows that the purpose of the pragmatic analysis is to gain a thorough understanding of English and Chinese address forms with the hope of getting some hints on the feasibility of the practice of address forms translation. Besides the analysis of address forms from the perspective of pragmatics, to analyze English and Chinese address forms pragmatically might also be a good choice. It does provide some hints in the address form translation and makes it a feasible attempt to translate address forms.
Key words:Chinese and English address forms, contrastive pragmatic study, translation
英汉称呼语的语用对比分析及翻译
外语系2003级2班 张丽
指导教师 李燕
摘要
在学术研究领域中,称呼语的研究虽然不是什么新课题,但由于其在实际运用中的重要性仍然具有很高的研究价值。本文就是在前人对称呼语静态分析、研究的基础上从语用学的角度,采用对比分析的方法,探讨了英汉称呼语的语用差异,并且将这一研究结果用于指导翻译实践。首先,本文对所要研究的称呼语进行了分类,接着通过各自类别的对比分析了解英汉称呼语的差异,从而概括出影响英汉称呼语翻译的文化、语境、对话者之间的关系等因素。最后,针对以上研究,提出关于英汉称呼语翻译的一些建议。研究表明,语用分析的目的是深刻理解称呼语,以期为英汉称呼语翻译的可行性寻求一些有益的启示。希望本文能令读者意识到从语用学角度解析英汉称呼语是研究称呼语的一个有效的角度和方法,对英汉称呼语的语用分析是值得进行深入研究的,其分析结果为英汉称呼语的翻译提供了一些重要的启示。
关键词:英汉称呼语,语用对比分析,翻译
Contents
1. Introduction……………………………………………………….…………………..1
2. Literature Review of Address Forms…….………………………….…………..1
2.1 Definition of Address Forms………………………………………….…………..1
2.2 Studies on Address Forms……………………………………….……………….. 2
2.2.1 Western Scholars' Study on Address Forms…………………………………..2
2.2.2 Chinese Scholars' Study on Address Forms…………………………………..2
2.3 The Significances of the Present Study……………………………………………3
3. Pragmatic Analysis of English and Chinese Address Forms………………………..3
3.1 The classification of address forms………………………………………………..3
3.2 Pragmatic Differences between English and Chinese Address Forms…………….4
3.2.1 Kinship Terms…………………………………………………………………4
3.2.2 Names…………………………………………………………………………5
3.2.3 Titles…………………………………………………………………………..6
3.2.3.1 Social Titles…………………………………………………………………7
3.2.3.2 Official Titles………………………………………………………………..8
3.2.3.3 Professional Titles…………………………………………………………..8
3.2.4 Affectionate Address Forms…………………………………………………..9
3.2.5 Honorific Forms of Address………………………………………………….10
4. Pragmatic Translation of Address Forms…………………………………………..10
4.1 A Brief Introduction to Pragmatic Translation…………………………………….10
4.2 Main Factors to Be Considered in the Translation of Address Forms…………….11
4.2.1 Context………………………………………………………………………..11
4.2.2 Relationship between the Interlocutors……………………………………….12
4.2.3 Culture….……………………………………………………………………..13
4.3 The Main Principle of the Translation of Address Forms…………………………15
4.4 Suggestions for the Translation of Address Forms………………………………..15
4.4.1 Literal Translation…………………………………………………………….15
4.4.2 Adaptation……………………………….……………………………………16
4.4.3 Explanation……………………………………………………………………17
4.4.4 Zero Translation……………………………………………………………….18
5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..19
References………………………………………………………………………………..20 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………21
1. Introduction
People are quite familiar with address forms often used in daily conversation or interactions. They are part of human languages. Early in human history, address forms have caught scholars’ attention both home and abroad. Western scholars’ researches on address forms roughly began in the 1950’s. Since then sociolinguists and psycholinguists have made some remarkable achievements in the study of address forms. Among them, Brown and Ford and Ervin-Tripp do the most renowned study on address forms. Ervin-Tripp took a quite different approach to the study of American English address forms use. Researches done by famous Chinese scholars include those by Chao Yuanren, Zhu Wanjin and Tian Huigang, among whom Tian’s research on Chinese and Western address forms is more systematic and in great detail.
Yet an obvious point in their study is that they either put their efforts on the systematic study of address forms in one language or make a static contrastive study of address forms in two or more languages. In this essay, the author tries to analyze address forms with the application of pragmatic theories, and with the aim of thoroughly understanding the different usage of English and Chinese address forms and making some efforts to probe in the feasibility of their translation.
The principal method used in this essay is contrastive analysis, because contrast is one important and effective approach to get the essence of two similar matters. The focus of the thesis is on pragmatic analysis of English and Chinese address forms. After the definition of address forms, the angle of the thesis falls on the analysis of English and Chinese address forms from the perspective of pragmatics, with their translation as a follow-up.
The whole thesis is made up of five parts. Besides introduction and conclusion, the other three parts are the body and soul of the thesis. The introduction mainly introduces the purpose of the thesis, its writing method, its focus and angle, etc. The second part is the literature review of address forms, and pragmatic translation. The third part, the core of the essay concentrates on the pragmatic analysis of English and Chinese address forms by the application. After it, the fourth part mainly discusses the translation of address forms either from English to Chinese or from Chinese to English is the light of pragmatic perspective. At last, a conclusion is drawn naturally in the fifth part.
1
2. Literature Review of Address Forms
2.1 Definition of Address Forms
By far, there are several definitions of address forms, but different scholars tend to use different terms. For example, some use“address terms”,“designators”; others use “vocatives”,“appellations” etc. Even though they use different terminologies, basically they were explaining the same phenomenon.
In this thesis, the term “address form" is preferred because it clearly reminds us of the social interaction and of the speaker and listener. According to the author, Address forms are defined as follows:
Address forms are the word or words used to the person or persons the speaker wants his/her words to be received and interpreted. They can be person deixis, personal names, titles, kinship terms, affectionate terms, noun phrases, etc. Address forms indicate the relation of linguistic forms to social setting and cultural background and the relationship between the interlocutors— addresser and addressee. They can be used in speech or writing.
2.2 Studies on Address Forms
2.2.1 Western Scholars' Study on Address Forms
Study on address forms by western scholars can be traced back to the 1950s. From then on western scholars have made outstanding and detailed researches on address forms, especially in the field of sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics.
The most famous and influential study on address forms is done by Brown and Gilman in the 1950s. They investigated second-person pronoun usage in French, German, Italian and Spanish. Brown and Gilman (1960) proposed that pronoun usage was governed by two semantics, which they called power and solidarity. That is, the study of tu ( which is analogous to“你”in Chinese ) and vos (which is similar to“您”in Chinese)in several European languages. They found that the T/V (Brown and Gilman use the symbols T and V from the Latin tu and vos) usage is governed by two factors: power and solidarity. Power means that a person has power over another person the degree that he or she can control the other person's behavior. The power pronoun, like the power relationship, is nonreciprocal because two people can't have power over each other in the same area. Solidarity implied a sharing between people,
2
a degree of closeness and intimacy. This relationship was inherently reciprocal. „„
3. Pragmatic Analysis of English and Chinese Address Forms
No matter in daily life or on formal occasions one can't avoid using address forms in communication. Appropriate use of address forms is of vital importance to the success of human communication. Yet, even though address forms exist in almost every language system, there are great differences between address forms in different languages. If we don't know their differences, it's inevitable to make mistakes in using them and even cause mis- understanding and unhappiness by improper use of address forms in human interactions. Therefore, it's not only necessary but also significant to contrast and analyze address forms of different languages. But due to the author's ability and the limit of the thesis, the author only makes a contrastive study of English and Chinese address forms here. The use of address form systems of English and Chinese from the perspective of pragmatics in great detail.
3.1 The classification of address forms „„
References
Brown, Roger & Albert Gilman. The pronouns of power and solidarity [J]. In Thomas A. Sebeok(ed.), Style in Language. Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York/London: Wiley. 3(1960):56-70.
Brown, Roger & Marguerite Ford. Address in American English [A]. In D. Hymes(ed.), Language in Culture and Society [C].NewYork: Harper&Row. 1964.
Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press.1965. Dornyei Z.& Csizer K.. Motivation in second and foreign language learning[J]. Language Teaching, 31 (1998):117-135.
包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.2001. 曹雪芹,高鹗.红楼梦[M].北京:人民文学出版社.1974. 曹禺.日出[M]. Translated by Barns.北京:外文出版社.2001. „„
Acknowledgements
After about two months’ work, this thesis has been finished. In the course of writing, from selecting the topic, writing the thesis to finalizing the manuscript, I met a lot of difficulties from many sides. Luckily, I benefited tremendously from the people around me. Without their help, encouragement, patient, care and support, this thesis would not have been finished.
First and foremost, I should give my heart-felt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Li Yan,who kindly and patiently undertook the burden of reading, criticizing and polishing all the preliminary drafts of the thesis. I would also like to show my thanks to all the teachers or professors whose lectures I have attended during these four years, for I benefit a lot from their teaching and guidance for my study.
I wish to express my gratitude to all the students who helped me a lot during my writing of this thesis.
And, I should be thankful to those writers and editors whose articles and books I have read, and will benefit forever.
Last but never the least, I thank, from the deep bottom of my heart, my family, especially my parents and my elder sister, who manifested in numerous ways, who have always been a constant source of encouragement to me.
附2:在我院独立办班或插班的专升本学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板
玉林师范学院本科生毕业论文
A Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis between English and
Chinese Address Forms and Their Translation
英汉称呼语的语用对比分析及翻译
院 系 专 业 学 生 班 级 姓 名 学 号
指导教师单位 指导教师姓名 指导教师职称
外语系 英语
2003级2班(专升本)
张丽 [1**********]5
外语系 李燕 教授
附3:在办学点的专升本学生毕业论文(设计)封面模板
玉林师范学院本科生毕业论文
A Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis between English and
Chinese Address Forms and Their Translation
英汉称呼语的语用对比分析及翻译
院 系 专 业 学 生 班 级 姓 名 学 号
指导教师单位 指导教师姓名 指导教师职称
外语系 英语
2005级2班(专升本)
张丽 [1**********]5
贺州学院外语系
李燕 教授