句子的种类与类型

句子的种类与类型

句子是具有一定的语法结构，表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。

高考重点要求：

1. 掌握感叹句的用法和构成

2. 掌握祈使句的构成及作用

3. 掌握一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句的应答

4. 分清简单句和复合句的类型

第一节 知识点扫描

一、句子的类型

1．句子按结构分可分为简单句、并列句和复合句 P149简单句类型讲解; P150.7练习1）&2） 简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。例如： He likes swimming and often swims in the river.

并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连在一起构成。例如：

I learn English and he learns French.

复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。例如：

It was raining hard when I got home yesterday.

2．句子按功能分可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句

陈述句用来说明一件事实或表达一种看法；疑问句用来提出问题；祈使句用来发出请求或命令；感叹句用来表达强烈的感情。

二、句子的成分

句子一般可以分为几个部分，每一个部分在句子中具有一定的功能，称为句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。

1．主语是一个句子的中心，主语的位置一般在句首。

2．谓语动词说明主语的动作与状态，一般在主语之后。

3．表语位置在连系动词之后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态。

4．宾语表示动作的对象，即动作的承受者，一般放在及物动词后。

5．补语补充说明宾语或主语的特征或状态.

6．定语修饰名词、代词

7．状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。

三、祈使句

表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Let’s开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。

1．肯定祈使句。如：

Stop talking! Come here in time!

2．否定祈使句，即以Don’t或Never开头的句子。如：

Don’t talk in class. Never leave today’s work for tomorrow.

3．以Let’s 或let开头的句子。如：

Let’s go together. Let him go first.

4．以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作用，译成“一定，务必”。如： Do come to see me if you have time.

四、感叹句 P150

含有表示情绪色彩的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式：（1）what引导的感叹句，强调句中的名词；（2）how引导的感叹句，强调句中的形容词或副词；（3）由感情色彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。

1．What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构！（有时主谓结构可省略）。如： What a hot day （it is）!

What good advice the teacher gave us!

What high buildings （they are）!

2．How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！如：

How interesting the book is!

How hard they are working!

五、疑问句

用来提出问题，表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多，中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

（一）一般疑问句

一般疑问句是用来询问某人或某物是否属实，并且要用yes或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。如：

-Are you an engineer?

-Yes, I am或No, I am not.

（二）特殊疑问句

以疑问代词（who, whom, whose, what, which等）或疑问副词（when, where, why, how等）开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语序和倒装语序两种形式。如：

What has happened to her?

When did he fly to America?

（三）选择疑问句

在句中提供的两个或多个答案中选择一个作回答的疑问句，就叫做选择疑问句。朗读时前面的一个或多个选择用升调，最后一个选择用降调。这种疑问句的句式结构有两种情况：即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句再加上供选择的两个或多个部分。但不管用哪种形式，都要按实际情况来回答。如：

——Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball? –I enjoy playing volleyball.

——Which floor do you live , on the 15th floor or on the 21st floor? –On the 21st floor.

（四）反意疑问句

表示提问者对自己所陈述的事情有怀疑或是没有把握，需要别人加以证实的疑问句，就叫做反意疑问句。其句式结构由两部分组成，即陈述部分再加一个简略问句。如果陈述部分是肯定句，简略问句就用否定形式；反之，简略问句用肯定形式

。但不管用哪种形式，前后两部分中的人称、数、时态等都要保持一致，并且陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当，简略问句中的主语一定是一个人称代词。对反意疑问句的回答，其肯定形式都用yes，否定回答用no。朗读时，陈述部分通常用降调，简略问句部分用升、降调随情况而定。如：

——You spoke at the meeting yesterday, didn’t you?

——Yes, I did. 或No, I didn’t .

第二节 实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

1. 在否定句中注意no 与not 的用法

no+名词相当于not a (any) + 名词

例如:

1. He made no mistakes in the maths test.

2. He did not make mistakes in the maths test.

2. 在表示推测的反意疑问句中,注意三种可能

(1) 对现在状况推测, 附加问句用be的相应形式

例如:He must be in the library , isn’t he ?

(2) 对过去发生的状况进行推测, 有表示过去的时间状语,附加问句用didn’t

例如:You must have seen the film yesterday , didn’t you ?

(3) 对过去发生的状况进行推测, 句子没有表示过去的时间状语, 附加问句用haven’t

(hasn’t)或didn’t 均可

例如:He must have read the book , hasn’t he ?

3. 陈述句为I think (suppose , expect , believe , guess) 后接的宾语从句结构中,附加成分要用肯定式.

例如:I don’t think he will come tomorrow , will he ?

4.带有否定前缀的词,虽然意义上是否定,但还是肯定句,反意疑问句的附加部分用否定句. 例如:These visitors are unwelcome here, aren’t they ?

5. 祈使句的反意疑问句,以表示客气,陈述部分用肯定,反意部分也用肯定.

例如: Let’s go there , shall we ?

Have a cup of coffee , will you ?

6. 感叹句中除了用what …… !与how……!两个常见句型外,陈述句结构,一个词组,甚至一个词表达惊异,喜悦,赞赏的感情时, 加上感叹号, 也可视为感叹句.

例如:The grass and the rising sun ! 多么青葱的草地,多么明媚的晨光!

7. 在并列句和复合句中,注意连词的用法。当连词连接两个句子时, 一定要注意句子结构的完整,汉语有“因为…所以…” , “虽然…但是…” 结构, 但英语中because 不与so 连用, though 不与but 连用。

例如:When it rains , I usually go to the office by bus .

Though it was late , we went on working .

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ____?

A. wasn’t there B. was there C. didn’t it D. did it

答案为A

【解析】 反意疑问句前面肯定，后面否定。there be句型的反意部分不作特殊变化。

例2、Don't be discouraged._________things as they are and you will enjoy the days of your life.

A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Take

答案选C。

【解析】 查“祈使句+and+简单句”句型。表示如果„„就„„。

例3、Mrs Black doesn't believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _______?

A. is he B. isn't he C. doesn't she D. does she

答案为D。

【解析】 因为主句是否定句，其主语是Mrs Black，所以它的反意疑问句是does she。在含有宾语从句的句子中，除第一人称外，要根据其主句的主语确定反意疑问句。

例4、_______role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.

A. How interesting B. How an interesting

C. What interesting D. What an interesting

答案选D。

【解析】 将感叹句转换为陈述句：She played an interesting role in the film.根据感叹句的构成规则，不难看出正确选项。

例5、Brian told you that there wasn't anyone in the room at that time, _______?

A. was there B. wasn't there C. didn't he D. did he

答案为C。

【解析】 这是一个反意疑问句。主语是Brian，所以要填didn't he。由于受“当主语是第一人称，谓语动词是think, suppose等动词时，反意疑问句要根据从句的谓语动词来确定”规则的影响，误填了was there。

例6、 —English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?

—Yes. _____ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and

communicate.

A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known

答案为A。

【解析】 本句用“祈使句+and+句子”的并列句型，表示含有条件状语从句的复合句的意思，所以祈使句应以不带to的不定式开始。

例7、I thought Jim would say some thing about his school report, but he _____ it.

A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned 答案为C。

【解析】 宾语从句中的动作和but引导的分句中的动作发生在同一时间，所以两个并列成分的时态保持一致，都是过去时。

例8、—Thanks for the lovely party and the delicious food.

—_______.

A. No thanks B. Never mind C. All right D. My pleasure 答案为D。

【解析】 本题考查回答感谢的交际用语。“No thanks”不符合英语表达法。“Never mind”是没关系，“All right”是“好吧”的意思，可以排除A、B、C。

例9、—Let's go swimming, shall we?

— ________.

A. It's my pleasure B. It doesn't matter

C. Yes, let's go D.I agree with you

答案为C。

【解析】 这是一个反意疑问句，反意疑问句与一般疑问句的答语相似之处就是要用Yes或No作明确回答。当对方用Let's„征求意见时，可以回答Yes, let's„译文：“我们去游泳，好吗?”“好的，走吧。”It's one's/a pleasure是对“Thank you”的回答；It doesn't matter是对“Sorry”的回答。I agree with you是同意别人的观点、看法。

例10、—I enjoyed the food very much.

—I'm glad you like it. Please drop in any time you like.

—________

A. Is it all right? B. I'm afraid I won't be free.

C. Yes, I will. D. That's great.

答案为C。

【解析】 当对方邀请做某事时，可以回答Yes, I will.或Certainly, I will.译文：“我非常喜欢这种食物。”“我很高兴你喜欢它。请什么时候顺便到家来。”“好的，我会来的。”用Is it all right?和I’ m afraid I won't be free.回答很不客气。That's great.的意思是“那太好了。”不符合日常说话的习惯。

第三节 巩固练习

Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.

1. We must get up early tomorrow, ______ we’ll miss the first bus to the Great Wall.

A. so B. or C. but

2. I hurried ______ I wouldn’t be late for class.

A. since B. so that C. as if

3. ______ the day went on, the weather got worse.

A. With B. Since C. While

4. _______ she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When B. However C. Although

5. Although he is considered a great writer, ______.

A. his works are not widely read

B. but his works are not widely read

C. however his works are not widely read D. however D. unless D. As D. Unless

D. still his works are not widely read

6. It was not ______ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.

A. when…that B. until…that C. until…when D. when…then

7. _____ the 2016 Olympic Games will be held in Paris is not known yet.

A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That

8. You will be late ______ you leave immediately.

A. unless B. until

9. —I don’t like chicken ______fish. C. if D. or

—I don’t like chicken, _______I like fish very much.

A. and…and B. and…but C. or…and D. or…but

10. —What was the party like?

—Wonderful. It’s years ______I enjoyed myself so much.

A. after B. before C. when

11. —Would you like to come to dinner tonight?

—I’d like to. ______ I’m too busy. D. since

A. And B. So C. As D. But

12. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially ______ Father was away in France.

A. as B. that C. during D. if

13. Although brought up in China, ______ he is well known for his novel about Russia.

A. however B. and C. but D. yet

14. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ______, in fact, I was talking about my

daughter.

A. whom B. where C. which D. while

15. Would you like a cup of coffee ______ shall we get down to business right away?

A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

16. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______ great it is.

A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

17. ______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where

18. After the war, a new school building was put up ______ there had once been a theatre.

A. that B. where C. which D. when

19. Why do you want a new job______ you’ve got such a good one already?

A. that B. where C. which D. when

20. —I’m going to the post office.

—_____you’re there, can you get me some stamps?

A. As B. While C. Because D. If

21. ______ on, and you will succeed in solving the problems.

A. To keep B. Keeping C. Keep D. Having kept

22. They wanted to change ＄5,000 for the car, ______ we managed to bring the price down.

A. but B. so C. when D. since

23. Seize the chance, ______you will regret it.

A. so B. otherwise C. but D. however

24. They had no sooner arrived at the airport ______it was time to check in.

A. when B. before C. then D. than

25. Let’s go through the question ______we can take these measure at present.

A. as B. that C. which D. whether

26. Excuse me for breaking in, ______ I have some news for you.

A. so B. and C. but D. yet

27. The new English course has been well received by beginners, ______ it helps them to develop

their basic skill.

A. now that B. so that C. for that D. in that

28. The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, _______?

A. did they B. didn’t they C. did it

29. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.

A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it

30. She found her calculator ______ she lost it. D. didn’t it D. who it is

A. where B. when C. in which D. that

31. It was nearly class time ______ I remembered that I had left my textbooks at home.

A. that B. when C. at which

32. ______ to see so many flowers in full bloom! D. during which

A. How nice it is B. How nice is it C. What nice it is D. What nice is it

33. The information will be helpful to ______ will take over the job.

A. those B. who

34. ______ girl Mary is ! C. whoever D. anyone

A. How clever a B. What clever a C. How a clever D. What clever

35. He’d learned how to operate the computer before he came to work here, _____?

A. didn’t he B. wouldn’t he C. shouldn’t he D. hadn’t he

36. Joan never drinks tea in the evening ____ ?

A. doesn’t she B. does he C. doesn’t he D. does she

37. If I knew the answer , I wouldn’t be asking, _____ ?

A. didn’t I B. did I C. would I

38. I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer , ______? D. wouldn’t I

A. do I B. don’t I C. will they D. won’t they

39. Americans get uncomfortable ______ a person stands too close .

A. unless B. when C. as D. till

40. From the way ______ one spends money , we can see ______he really values in life.

A. /…what B. which…how C. that…which D. /…whatever

41. He refused to listen to the suggestions ______ he give up and said he would try.

A. that B. if C. which D. before

42. Rose wrote an essay longer than required , ______ her teacher had not expected.

A. what B. as C. when D. which

43. It was a most relaxing day for those students , ______ for the first time in months they didn’t

have to do extra assignments.

A. that B. while C. which D. when

44. The couple dare not have a party in their flat in case the neighbours complain, ______.

A. dare they B. do they C. don’t they D. daren’t they

45. He will come to see you the moment he _____ his work .

A. will finish B. had finished C. would finish D. finishes

46. He had a wonderful time last night , ______?

A. did he B. had he

47. _____ food you’ve cooked! C. hadn’t he D. didn’t he

D. What nice

C. Do coming

D. waste not A. how a nice B. What a nice C. How nice 48. ______ again! A. Coming B. Do come C. To come 49. Let’s ______ time . A. not to waste B. not waste C. waste no

50. ______ I wish to see you!

A. What B. What do

句子的种类与类型答案

1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C

11. D 12. A 13. D 14. D

21. C 22. A 23. B 24. D

31. B 32. A 33. C 34. A

41. A 42. D 43. D 44. A

C. How 5. A 6. 15. C 16. 25. D 26. 35. D 36. 45. D 46. D. How do B 7. C 8. A C 17. B 18. B C 27. D 28. D D 37. C 38. C D 47. D 48. B 9. D 10. 19. D 20. 29. D 30. 39. B 40. 49. B 50. D B A A D