深入分析继电器故障测量的四项基本要求

深入分析继电器故障测量的四项基本要求

自本世纪初第一代机电型感应式过流继电器（1901年）在电力系统应用以来，继电保护已经经历了一个世纪的发展。在最初的二十多年里，各种新的继电保护原理相继出现，如差动保护（1908年）、电流方向保护（1910年）、距离保护（1923年）、高频保护（1927年），这些保护原理都是通过测量故障发生后的稳态工频量来检测故障的。尽管以后的研究工作不断发展和完善了电力系统的保护，但是这些保护的基本原理并没有变，至今仍然在电力系统继电保护领域中起主导作用。

Since the turn of the century the first generation mechanical and electrical induction type over-current relay (1901) since its application in power system, relay protection has experienced a century of development. In the first 20 years, a variety of new relay protection principle appeared, such as differential protection (1908), current direction protection (1910), the distance protection (1923) (1927), high frequency protection, the protection principle is by measuring the steady state after the fault in power

frequency to test failure. Although later research work of continuous development and improvement of the power system protection, but the basic principle of protection and does not change, still play a leading role in the field of power system relay protection.

继电保护装置是保证电力系统安全运行的重要设备。满足电力系统安全运行的要求是继电保护发展的基本动力。快速性、灵敏性、选择性和可靠性是对继电保护的四项基本要求。为达到这个目标，继电保护专业技术人员借助各种先进科学技术手段作出不懈的努力。经过近百年的发展，在继电保护原理完善的同时，构成继电保护装置的元件、材料等也发生了巨大的变革。继电保护装置经历了机电式、整流式、晶体管式、集成电路式、微处理机式等不同的发展阶段。

Relay protection device is to guarantee the safe

operation of the electric power system important equipment. Meet the requirements of the safe operation of the power system is the basic driving force of the development of the relay protection. Rapidity, sensitivity, selectivity and reliability of relay protection of the four basic requirements. To achieve this goal, relay protection with the help of professional and technical personnel of advanced science and technology to make unremitting efforts. During the past hundred years of development, the principle of relay protection perfect at the same time, which forms part of relay protection devices, materials, etc. Also great changes have taken place. Relay protection device has experienced

transistors,

etc. electromechanical, integrated rectifier, circuits, microprocessors,

Different stages of development.

50年代，我国工程技术人员创造性地吸收、消化、掌握了国外先进的继电保护设备性能和运行技术，建成了一支具有深厚继电保护理论造诣和丰富运行经验的继电保护技术队伍，对全国继电保护技术队伍的建立和成长起了指导作用。阿城继电器厂引进消化了当时国外先进的继电器制造技术，建立了我国自己的继电器制造业。因而60年代是我国机电式继电保护繁荣的时代，为我国继电保护技术的发展奠定了坚实基础。

50 s, engineering and technical personnel in our country's creative absorption, digestion, mastered the advanced foreign technology, relay protection equipment performance and operation, has built a solid relay protection theory attainments and rich operating experience of relay protection technical team, for the establishment and growth of relay protection technical team played a guiding role. Acheng relay factory introduce digest the relay of foreign advanced manufacturing technology, established own relay manufacturing industry in our country. Thus

electromechanical relay protection in our country is prosperous in the 60's era, the development of the relay protection technology has laid a solid foundation.

自50年代末，晶体管继电保护已在开始研究。60年代中到80年代中是晶体管继电保护蓬勃发展和广泛采用的时代。在此期间，从70年代中，中药热敷减肥基于集成运算放大器的集成电路保护已开始研究。到80年代末集成电路保护已形成完整系列，逐渐取代晶体管保护。到90年代初集成电路保护的研制、生产、应用仍处于主导地位，这是集成电路保护时代。

Since the 50 s, transistor relay protection has been started to study. In the 60 s and 80 s is a transistor relay protection era of booming and widely used. During this period, from the 70 s, based on the integration of integrated operational

amplifier circuit to protect have started to study. By the end of the 80 s the integrated circuit protection has formed a complete series, gradually replace the transistor. To the early 90 s the development, production and application of integrated circuit protection is still in a dominant position, this was the age of the integrated circuit protection.

国内微机保护的研究开始于70年代末期，起步较晚，但发展很快。1984年我国第一套微机距离保护样机在试运行后通过鉴定并批量生产，以后每年都有新产品问世；1990年第二代微机线路保护装置正式投入运行。目前，高压线路、低压网络、各种主电气设备都有相应的微机保护装置在系统中运行，液压升降机平台特别是线路保护已形成系列产品，并得到广泛应用。我国在2000年220kV及以上系统的微机保护率为43.99％，线路微机保护占86％，到2003年底，220kV以上系统的

微机保护已占到70.29％，线路的微机化率达到97.6％。实际运行中，微机保护的正确动作率要明显高于其他保护，一般比平均正常动作率高0.2～0.3个百分点。国产微机保护经过多年的实际运行，依靠先进的原理和技术及良好的工艺已全面超越进口保护。从80年代220KV及以上电压等级的电力系统全部采用进口保护，到现在220KV系统继电保护基本国产化，反映了继电保护技术在我国的长足发展和国产继电保护设备的明显优势。

Domestic microcomputer protection study began in the late 70 s, started late, but development soon. In 1984 China's first set of microcomputer distance protection prototype after trial run and mass production, through the identification later every year there are new products come out; The second generation of micro computer line protection device 1990 formally put into operation. At present, the high voltage line have all sorts of main electrical equipment, low-voltage network, the corresponding microcomputer protection device in the system operation, especially line protection has formed series products, and widely used. Our

country in 2000, 2000 kv and above system of microcomputer protection ratio is 43.99%, line microcomputer protection (86%), by the end of 2003, more than 220 kv system of microcomputer protection has accounted for 70.29%, line rate of 97.6% of computerization. In actual operation, the microcomputer protection of action right protection to a significantly higher rate than other, generally higher than the average normal movement rate of 0.2 ~ 0.3%. Home-made microcomputer protection after many years of practical operation, relying on the advanced theory and technology and has good process full beyond import protection. From 80 s to 80 kv and above voltage grade of power system all adopt the imported protection, relay protection to now 220 kv system localization, reflects the rapid development of relay protection technology in our country and the obvious advantages of domestic relay protection equipment.

微机继电保护技术的成熟与发展是近三十年来继电保护领域最显著的进展。经过长期的研究和实践，现在人们已普遍认可了微机保护在电网中无可替代的优势。微机保护具有自检功能，有强大的逻辑处理能力、数值计算能力和记忆能力，并且具备很强的数字通信能力，这一切都是电磁继电器、晶体管继电器所难以匹敌的。计算机技术的进步，更高性能、酿酒设备更高精度的数字外围器件的采用，一直是微机继电保护不断发展的强大动力。

The maturity and development of the microcomputer relay protection technology is nearly 30 years the most significant progress to relay protection field. After long-term research and practice, now people have generally accepted the irreplaceable advantage of microcomputer protection in electric network. Microcomputer protection has self-checking function, has a strong logical processing ability, numerical calculation ability

and memory ability, and strong ability in digital communication, it is all electromagnetic relay, transistor relays are difficult to match. The progress of computer technology, higher performance and higher accuracy of digital peripheral devices, has been the development of microcomputer relay protection continuously.

2、微机继电保护的主要特点

2, the main characteristic of microcomputer relay protection

微机保护充分利用了计算机技术上的两个显著优

势：高速的运算能力和完备的存贮记忆能力，以及采用大规模集成电路和成熟的数据采集，A/D模数变换、数字滤波和抗干扰措施等技术，使其在速动性、可靠性方面均优于以往传统的常规保护，而显示了强大生命力，与传统的继电保护相比，微机保护有许多优点，其主要特点如下：

Microcomputer protection made full use of computer technology on two significant advantages: high speed operation ability and the comprehensive storage memory ability, and the large scale integrated circuit and the mature data acquisition, A/D module conversion, digital filter and the anti-jamming measures such as technology, make its in quick and reliability are superior to previous traditional conventional protection, and shows strong vitality, compared with the traditional relay protection and microcomputer protection has many advantages, its main features are as follows:

1）改善和提高继电保护的动作特征和性能，正确动作率高。主要表现在能得到常规保护不易获得的特性；其很强的记忆力能更好地实现故障分量保护；可引进自动控制、新的数学理论和技术，如自适应、状态预测、模糊控制及人工神经网络等，其运行正确率很高，已在运行实践中得到证明。

1) improve and enhance the relay protection movement characteristic and performance, high rate of correct operation. Mainly displays in can get regular characteristics of the protection is not easy to obtain; Its very strong memory to better realize the fault component protection; Can introduce automatic control, a new mathematical theories and techniques, such as adaptive, state prediction, fuzzy control and artificial neural network, etc., accuracy is high, its operation has been proved in practice.

2）可以方便地扩充其他辅助功能。如故障录波、波形分析等，可以方便地附加低频减载、自动重合闸、故障录波、故障测距等功能。

2) can be easily extended to other auxiliary functions. Such as fault wave record, waveform analysis, etc., can be easily attached low-frequency load reduction, automatic reclosing, fault wave record, fault location, and other functions.

3）工艺结构条件优越。体现在硬件比较通用，制造容易统一标准；装置体积小，减少了盘位数量；功耗低。

3) process structure condition is superior. Reflected in the more general hardware, easy to make uniform standards; Device is small in size, a reduction in the number plate of a; Low power consumption.

4）可靠性容易提高。体现在数字元件的特性不易受温度变化、电源波动、使用年限的影响，不易受元件更换的影响；且自检和巡检能力强，可用软件方法检测主要元件、部件的工况以及功能软件本身。

4) easy to improve the reliability. Reflected in the characteristics of the digital components susceptible to changes in temperature, the influence of power fluctuations, use fixed number of year, not easily influenced by component replacement; And self-checking and checking ability is strong, can use software methods to

detect the operation condition of the main components, components and function of software itself.

5）使用灵活方便，人机界面越来越友好。其维护调试也更方便，从而缩短维修时间；同时依据运行经验，在现场可通过软件方法改变特性、结构。

5) using the flexible, convenient and friendly man-machine interface is more and more. Its also more convenient maintenance and debugging, thus shortening the repair time; Based on operation experience at the same time, in the field may be changed by software method characteristic, structure.

6）可以进行远方监控。微机保护装置具有串行通信功能，与变电所微机监控系统的通信联络使微机保护具有远方监控特性。

6) can be remote monitoring. Microcomputer protection device has the function of serial communication, and the microcomputer monitoring system of substation communication make the microcomputer protection monitoring feature distance.

3、未来继电保护技术的发展前景

3, relay protection technology development prospects in the future

微机保护经过近20年的应用、研究和发展，已经在电力系统中取得了巨大的成功，并积累了丰富的运行经验，产生了显著的经济效益，大大提高了电力系统运行管理水平。近年来，随着计算机技术的飞速发展以及计算机在电力系统继电保护领域中的普遍应用，新的控制原理和方法被不断应用于计算机继电保护中，以期取得更好的效果，从而使微机继电保护的研究向更高的层次发展，其未来趋势向计算机化，网络化，智能化，保护、控制、测量和数据通信一体化发展。

Microcomputer protection after nearly 20 years of application, research and development, already has been a huge success in the power system, and accumulated a wealth of operating experience, has a significant economic benefits, greatly enhance the management level of power system operation. In recent years, with the rapid development of computer technology and the computer is widely

applied in the field of power system relay protection, a new control theory and method have been applied in computer relay protection, in order to achieve better effect, so that the microcomputer relay protection research to a higher level of development, and its future trend to computerized, networked, intelligent, protect, control, measurement and data communication integration development.