2014年江苏大学博士英语考试范围

1. CT的标准定义，老师ppt上的，奉献了。Critical thinking is that mode of thinking — about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem-solving abilities, as well as a commitment to overcome our native egocentrism and sociocentrism. CT是关于任何主题、内容或问题的一种思维方式，在这个过程中，思考者要通过技巧性地分析、评估和重建这种思维方式来提高自己的思维品质。CT是自我导向、自我约束、自我监督、自我校正的思考。它的前提是要遵循严格的杰出标准和对这些标准的审慎使用。它需要有效的沟通和解决问题的能力，以致力于克服自我中心主义和群体中心主义。

2. Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical thinking skills is able to do the following:

understand the logical connections between ideas;

identify, construct and evaluate arguments;

detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in reasoning;

solve problems systematically;

identify the relevance and importance of ideas;

reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs and values.

3. Critical thinking: the process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information to reach an answer or conclusion.

4. The idea of sustainable development has been accepted by the world. How to keep sustainable development is a big problem facing our planet. The present situation is worrying. First, natural resources are becoming less than before. Second, as some people are not aware of the importance of the environmental protection, the problems with it remain extremely serious to some degree. The gap between the rich and the poor has the tendency to become wider and wider. To our great joy, many countries have taken action. On one hand, they have made relevant laws and regulations and put large amounts of money to the environmental protection. On the other hand, popularized education as well as international cooperation is being carried out。we should take the responsibility to devote ourselves to sustainable development, otherwise, our future will be in danger.

5. Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable

development is often presented as being divided into the economy, environment and society. The reality of life today is that the economy dominates environment and society. With the perspective of CT, economic growth is not a cure-all; but the absence of growth is a kill-all,economic growth has two sides, disadvantage and advantage. For the advantages, Economic growth is an important avenue, through which per capita incomes can rise and absolute poverty can be reduced in developing nations; Economic growth can create new jobs-although the pattern of employment will also change; Economic growth has a positive impact on profits & business confidence. For the disadvantages of economic growth, economic growth that leads to environmental damage may lower the sustainable rate of growth; The depletion of the global resource base will have stronge impact on global warming; The rapid economic growth will lead to a huge expansion of waste and pollution; Species extinction leading to a loss of bio-diversity due to the economic growth, and so on.

6. 学术腐败

The picture symbolically depicts how some people who call themselves “scholars” are doing their research. Instead of writing their own research papers, they resort to copying each other‟s works. Looking at the picture, we cannot but worry about the problem of intellectual honesty—an issue vital to the healthy development of our science and technology cause.

Suppose that every scientist or researcher does not do experiments, but plagiarize others‟research results, then what would happen? There would be no intellectual honesty and people would no longer believe what the scientists say. Since scientists are noble elites of society, if their words are incredible, then the credibility of the whole society would deteriorate and collapse.

Therefore, intellectual credibility is not something that we can afford to lose or leave it at large. We each individual should start from right here and now, and attach great value and importance to the urgency of the issue. It is time that drastic measures were taken by the authorities to change the situation.

7. 1.可持续发展与经济增长/自然/社会因素之间的关系和比较。 2.案例分析,援引有关学术抄袭的案例给出自己的观点。 3.对CT概念的理解 4.CT中的怀疑主义

5.CT的十个标准、八个思维结构与八个特性、十个标准：clarity, precision, accuracy, significance, relevance, completeness, logic, fairness, breadth, depth 八个思维结构:Purposes, points of view, assumptions, implications, information, inferences, concepts, questions 八个特性：humility, courage, antonomy, integrity, perseverance, confidence, in reason, fairmindedness.

8. 个人观点总结CT:

在我看来，批判性思维不仅是一种逻辑思维能力，也是一种品格。批判思维可以用一位伟大诗人的一句话来概括，那就是：黑夜给了我黑色的眼睛，我却用他寻

找光明（顾城）。立足于现实，而不拘于现实，保持独立和理性的思想，去创新，去寻找真理。善于用批判的眼光看待一切事物，思维的火花才能迸射出绚丽光芒。通过陈老师的英语课，批判性思维已经深深影响和改变了我，我相信它的影响会持续，而我对它的学习也将会继续。

In my opinion, critical thinking is more than a logical thinking ability. It is also a character. Critical thinking can be summed up by a great poet: My dark eyes were made in the night, but I use them to look for bright (Gu Cheng). Base on reality while not overemphasizing reality. Remain independent and rational thinking, make innovations and seek for the truth.

Only be critically looking at everything can thinking glare beautiful glory. In Chen's English class, critical thinking has been deeply affected and changed me, and I believe that its influence will last, and I will also continue to learn it.

9. Would anyone say that economic development should be stopped in favor of environment? absolutely no. There is no doubt that stopping economic growth will induce a series of problems such as poverty, unemployment, social instability and so on. However, we will lose the foundation to develop the economy without protecting the nature. Critical thinking is needed to solve this terrible dilemma and we must look beyond the surface. Firstly, the bright side of economic development should be noticed. Only by developing the economy can we live a better life and explore better techniques to take good use of the nature resources and to reduce the environment pollution. Secondly, our mind should not only focus on economic development itself, our goal to develop economy and the reason for serious pollution should also be analyzed to understand the dilemma better. On the one hand, all we try our best to achieve is a better life, not economic growth itself, what we do must serve for this final goal; on the other hand, all products produced by the factory are consumed by ourselves which means that all of us should be responsible for the pollution, and we need a more healthy and green life style to be friendly with the environment. All in all, we must critically look at the relationship between economic development and environment protection, understand essential of the problem, and start with ourselves.

11. To develop green economy is necessary for economic transformation in China. China has entered an important strategic transformation stage from the perspective of relations between environment and development. The basic meaning of green economy is in accordance with the basic situation and strategic goal of environment and development in China, and the general strategy —“to ensure growth, to expand internal demands and to adjust structure” made to deal with financial crisis in China. It‟s of significant policy enlightenment and reference value for key national strategic goals, such as thoroughly implementing scientific outlook on development and constructing ecology civilization. Green economic development is the basic assurance

for the implementation of strategic goals of environment and development in China and the necessary requirements for economic transformation in China.

12. The Relationship between Economic Growth and the Environment

──Group 7 Wang Siyi From the 20th century, human beings have entered into a period of rapid economic development, particular in developing countries. Through the excessive use of resources, economy develops at high speed at the cost of sacrificing the environment. For instance, exhaust gas let out by chemical plants has polluted the atmosphere and caused a sharp increase in the annual average level of PM2.5. We can find a „poor‟ when inquiring the air quality of our city sometimes. In other words, humans are paying the price for what we have done on nature. Obviously, strengthening economies is imminent, so as protecting the environment. Could we give consideration to both of them? As far as I am concerned, there is a conflict between environment protection and economic development in the short term on the premise of limiting resources. Increasing investment in one aspect just means putting smaller energy in the other. This contradiction is particular acute in the developing countries which are short of industrial funds. However, in the long term, the two are not contradictory. The improvement of environment may contribute to the development of economy while economic development can provide funds and technology for environmental protection at the same time. So from the objective analysis, environmental improvement and economic growth are not at war with each other. On the one hand, we advocate

13. 经济增长是经济发展的前提，但经济增长不等于经济发展，经济增长必须建立在可持续发展的基础上，才是有利的增长；而可持续发展，又必须是稳定的、有规模的发展，才是真正的可持续发展。因此，经济发展，就是要做到经济增长与可持续发展的统一。同时，他们既是矛盾的，发展必然耗费资源，而不可持续性发展又会限制经济的增长。所以要转变经济增长方式入手. 增长方式的根本性转变，即从主要依靠资源和劳动投入的粗放型增长转向主要依靠科技进步和劳动者素质提高的集约型增长。这样的增长是讲求质量和效益的增长，也是节约资源和保护环境的增长。具体落到实处，政府需大力扶持发展的“四新企业”，新产业、新业态、新技术和新模式的技术创新、驱动型“华为式”企业进行转型升级！

Economic growth is a prerequisite for economic development, but it doesn‟t mean economic advance. Economic growth is favorable which must be based on sustainable development. Real sustainable development must be stable and has the scale of development. Therefore, economic development is to achieve a unified economic growth and sustainable development. At the same time, they are both contradictory and development will inevitably consume resources and without sustainability will limit economic growth. So what we should do first is to transform the mode of economic growth. A fundamental change in the mode of growth, namely from

extensive pattern relying mainly on resources and extensive labor input growth to intensive one relying mainly on scientific and technological progress and improve the quality of workers in the growth. This growth emphasizes on the quality and efficiency of growth, but also growth in resource conservation and environmental protection. Specifically, the Government should spare no effort to support the development of the