Hofstede的文化维度理论

依照Hofstede的文化维度理论，国家间文化的差异可以被归纳为5个不同的维度，分别为：

1. Power/Distance (PD) – This refers to the degree of inequality that exists – and is accepted – among people with and without power. A high PD score：society accepts an unequal distribution of power and people understand "their place" in the system. Low PD ：power is shared and well dispersed. It also means that society members view themselves as equals. （权力距离：指的是社会中对于“权力分配不均等”的接受程度，或是说，在社会之中权利分配的分散或集中程度。）

2. Individualism (IDV) – This refers to the strength of the ties people have to others within the community. A high IDV score indicates a loose connection with people. In countries with a high IDV score there is a lack of interpersonal connection and little sharing of responsibility, beyond family and perhaps a few close friends. A society with a low IDV score would have strong group cohesion, and there would be a large amount of loyalty and respect for members of the group. The group itself is also larger and people take more responsibility for each other's well being.（个人/集体主义:指的是在社会中成员们倾向于以个人或是集体来定义自己的程度。）

3. Masculinity (MAS) – This refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. High MAS scores are found in countries where men are expected to be tough, to be the provider, to be assertive and to be strong. If women work outside the home, they have separate professions from men. Low MAS scores do not reverse the gender roles. In a low MAS society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. Men are allowed to be sensitive and women can work hard for professional success. （Masculinity/femininity 男性度/女性度：指的是社会成员对于“决断力和物质成功”或“感性和人际关系”的偏好程度。）

4. Uncertainty/Avoidance Index (UAI) – This relates to the degree of anxiety society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. High UAI-scoring nations try to avoid ambiguous situations whenever possible. They are governed by rules and order and they seek a collective "truth". Low UAI scores indicate the society enjoys novel events and values differences. There are very few rules and people are encouraged to discover their own truth. （不确定性规避：指的是社会中其成员对于风险和未知性的容忍程度。）

5. Long Term Orientation (LTO) – This refers to how much society values long-standing – as opposed to short term – traditions and values. This is the fifth dimension that Hofstede added in the 1990s after finding that Asian countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy acted differently from western cultures. In countries with a high LTO score, delivering on social obligations and

（时间导向性：指的是社会avoiding "loss of face" are considered very important.

对于短期收效或长远效果的偏好程度。比如，所谓长期目标对于美国人来说最多只是个10-20年计划，而对于日本人来说或许意味着百年计划。 ）