英语中插入语和定语的区别是什么?
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“插入语”Parenthesis
一:什么是插入语?
插入语是一种独立的句子成分,通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系,多半用逗号与句子隔开,用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度,插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。
二:都有哪些词可作插入语?
1. 介词短语用作插入语
常见介词短语有:in fact(事实上),in one’s opinion(在某人看来),of course(当然),above all /first of all (首先),by the way (顺便)等。
如:
Above all, you must follow your teacher’s advice.
As a result, we must water the crop fields.
In my opinion, he is an honest boy.
2. 副词用作插入语
常作插入语的副词有:certainly(当然),surely(无疑),indeed(的确),however(然而),fortunately(幸运的是),luckily(幸运的是),probably(大概),personally(就个人来讲)等。 如:
Unfortunately, I was caught in the rain.
Personally, I’d rather go to the opera theatre.
Surely, you must finish the task by yourself.
3. 不定式作插入语
常作插入语的不定式有:to be frank(坦率地说),to tell the truth(老实说),to be sure(当然)等。
如:
To tell you the truth, I didn’t want to go with you.
4. 分词短语作插入语
常作插入语的分词短语有:generally speaking(一般来讲),generally considering(一般认为),strictly speaking(严格地说),judging from/by (根据……来判断)等。
如:
Judging from your accent, you must be from England.
Generally speaking, this is a rule for protection our school.
5. 分句作插入语
常作插入语的分句有:I think(我认为),I hope (我希望), I’m afraid(恐怕),What’s more(而且),What’s worse(更糟的是),You see (你清楚)等。
如:
You see, they didn’t trust me. He will come on time, I think.
注意:这个句子如把插入语I think放在句首,它就成为主句,而后面的句子成为宾语从句,即:I think that he will come on time.
6. 常见的形容词或短语
sure enough果然; worse still更糟糕的是; true真的,funny真可笑, strange to say说也奇怪, needless to say不用说, most important of all最为重要的是等,表现了说话人的情感或态度等。
如
Strange to say, I was just thinking that myself.
说也奇怪,我自己刚才也正想着那件事呢。
Most important of all, you each over fulfilled your own task.
更为重要的,你们各自超额完成了自己的任务。
三:和定语都有哪些差别
1)功能区别
定语主要是修饰功能。
插入语有修饰,说明和连接的功能。
She is a lovely girl.
(定语—修饰)
I have, in addition, last month’s bills to pay.
(插入语—连接)
2)位置区别
定语要么在修饰的词前,要么在修饰的词后,只有这两种情况。
插入语位置比较灵活,根据插入成分及修饰情况,句首,句尾,句中都会出现。
Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?
(定语—放修饰词后)
He has a pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk.
(定语——放修饰词前)
Science is, I believe, nothing but trained and organized common sense.
(插入语—句中)
Science is, nothing but trained and organized common sense, I believe.
(插入语—句尾)
3)构成区别
名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以构成定语。
单词,短语,从句,独立从句,and…, what…等固定搭配可做插入语。
4)符号差别
定语和所修饰词间,没有明显或固定用符号,除了非限定性定语从句,有逗号。
插入语前后所用的标点,一般为逗号,其次为破折号,括号最少用,有时也不用标点。
四: 和同位语辨析
使用差别
一般也有用插入语和同位语作比较的,其中一个标准就是,去掉插入语不会影响句子大意及完整性,而同位语不行。
例如: 1. Who do you think did this?
(do you think 就是插入语)
2. To tell you the truth, he doesn't quite agree with this idea.
(To tell you the truth不定式作插入语)
3. True, your daughter is at home now.
(True形容词作插入语)
4.On the contrary, we should strengthen our corporation with them.
(On the contrary介词短语作插入语)
同位语是前面一定有个跟同位语意思相同的词,是对某个句子成分进行进一步修饰的成分,只能是完整的句子或者单个名词才能做同位语.
例如: 1. Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very strict to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很严厉. (our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一个人.)
2. Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my sister's. 昨天我遇到了我妹妹的朋友汤姆. (a friend of my sister's是Tom的同位语,指同一个人)
3. He told me that his brother John is a world-famous writer. 他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的作家. (John是brother的同位语,中间无符号)
4. Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. Green. 昨天我与我的英语老师格林先生谈过了. (Mr. James是my English teacher的同位语,中间用逗点隔开.)
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