工程项目管理专业英语(下) 汉译英
8
1、 The construction contract price includes the direct project cost including field supervision
expenses plus the markup imposed by contractors for general overhead expenses and profit.
建设工程合同价格由包括现场管理费在内的直接工程费和承包商添加的包括间接费和利润在内的增加值这两部分组成。
2、Within each of the major categories of construction such as residential housing, commercial buildings, industrial complexes and infrastructure, there are smaller segments which have very different environments with regard to price setting.
在建设工程的每一主要类型中（如居住用房、商业建筑、工业建筑和基础建设），有更小的部分，关于价格的制定有非常不同的环境。
3、 However, all pricing arrangements have some common features in the form of the legal
documents binding the owner and the supplier(s) of the facility.
约束业主和设备供应商的法律文件形式规定的计价方式是有一些相同之处的。
4、 Without addressing special issues in various industry segments, the most common types of
pricing arrangements can be described broadly to illustrate the basic principles.
在不考虑各建筑类型不同的情况下，最常用的计价方式可以根据概括介绍如下，并说明其基本原则。
5、 The basic structure of the bidding process consists of the formulation of detailed plans and
specifications of a facility based on the objectives and requirements of the owner, and the invitation of qualified contractors to bid for the right to execute the project.
招投标过程中的基本结构由根据业主的目标和要求编制实施的详细图纸和技术要求说明书，以及邀请合格的承包商为取得工程施工的权利而投标所组成的。
6、 In the private sector, the owner has considerable latitude in selecting the bidders, ranging
from open competition to the restriction of bidders to a few favored contractors.
在私营部门，业主在选择投标人有相当大的自由，范围从公开竞争的投标人到将投标人限制在若干个业主所喜欢的投标人。
7、 In the public sector, the rules are carefully delineated to place all qualified contractors on an
equal footing for competition, and strictly enforced to prevent collusion among contractors and unethical or illegal actions by public officials.
在公共项目领域中，需详细的制定规则，以使所有预审合格的承包商在平等基础上竞争，并严格执行，以防止承包商之间的相互串通和政府官员的不道德或违法行为。
8、 In such cases, the contractor is permitted to submit a list of unit prices for those tasks, and
the final price used to determine the lowest bidder is based on the lump sum price computed by multiplying the quoted unit price for each specified task by the corresponding quantity in the owner's estimates for quantities.
在这种情况下，允许承包商提交这些任务的分部分项工程量的单价表，而于确定最低投标人的最终价格是基于总投标报价时所用的计算方法，既通过将通过承包商对每一具体
分部分项工程所报的单价乘以业主估算的相应工程量。
9、A major reason for using negotiated contracts is the flexibility of this type of pricing arrangement, particularly for projects of large size and great complexity or for projects which substantially duplicate previous facilities sponsored by the owner
采用协议合同的一个主要原因在于这种计价方式的灵活性，尤其是规模较大的和复杂程度高的工程，或者是十分类似业主以前发起的工程。
10、Because the basic needs of home buyers are very similar and home designs can be
standardized to some degree, the probability of finding buyers of good housing units within a relatively short time is quite high.
因为购房者的基本需求是都非常类似，因此住房的设计可以在一定程度上标准化，所以好的房子在短时间内找到购买者的可能性非常高。
10
1、Good scheduling can eliminate problems due to production bottlenecks, facilitate the timely procurement of necessary materials, and otherwise insure the completion of a project as soon as possible.
一个好的计划可以消除生产瓶颈所带来的问题，便于必备材料的及时采购，同时可尽可能地保证工程如期的完成。
2、 In contrast, poor scheduling can result in considerable waste as laborers and equipment wait
for the availability of needed resources or the completion of preceding tasks.
相反，不合理的计划则会导致因等待所需资源的可用和前任务的完成所造成的人工和设备的大量浪费。
3、 After the completion of construction, similar comparisons between the planned schedule
and the actual accomplishments may be performed to allocate the liability for project delays due to changes requested by the owner, worker strikes or other unforeseen circumstances. 在工程完工之后，通过类似于计划进度和实际进度之间的比较，可以对由于业主提出的变更要求、工人罢工或者其他不可预见的情况导致的工程延期的责任进行分摊。
4、 In particular, the critical path method of scheduling is commonly required by owners and has
been taught in universities for over two decades, but is often regarded in the field as irrelevant to actual operations and a time consuming distraction.
尤其是业主普遍需要的进度计划中的关键线路发法，这种方法虽然在大学里已经教授了二十几年了，但是在一些领域中，这种方法经常不但被认为与一些实际操作毫无相关，而且是对时间和精力的浪费。
5、 The result is "seat-of-the-pants" scheduling that can be good or that can result in grossly
inefficient schedules and poor productivity.
结果无论是好的还是导致低效率和低生产率的那些进度计划只能做冷板凳
6、 As a result, the continued development of easy to use computer programs and improved
methods of presenting schedules have overcome the practical problems associated with formal scheduling mechanisms.
事实上，易于上手的计算机软件的不断发展和现有计划方法的改进，已经解决了与正规计划手段有关的实际问题。
7、 For example, the project manager's main concern on a high-rise building site might be to
insure that cranes are used effectively for moving materials; without effective scheduling in this case, delivery trucks might queue on the ground and workers wait for deliveries on upper floors.
比如，在一个高层建筑工地上，项目经理主要关心的可能是确保起重机能有效地被用来搬运建筑材料。
8、 Hybrid techniques for resource leveling or resource constrained scheduling in the presence
of precedence relationships also exist.
（混合编制法是在确定工种优先关系之后进行的资源平衡和资源限制的计划编制方法。）
12
1、 The problems of project control are aptly summed up in an old definition of a project as "any collection of vaguely related activities that are ninety percent complete, over budget and late.“
项目控制所面临的问题可以用一个过去的关于项目的描述来恰如其分地予以总结，即一大堆虽以完成90%，但超预算且进度拖延的、定义不明确的工作集合。
2、The task of project control systems is to give a fair indication of the existence and the extent of such problems.
项目控制系统的任务是致力于有效解决这些问题
3、In the process of considering management problems, however, we shall discuss some of the common accounting systems and conventions, although our purpose is not to provide a comprehensive survey of accounting procedures.
在考虑到管理问题的过程中，虽然我们的目的不在于提供一个会计程序的综合考察（我们的目的不在与详细介绍会计程序），但我们应该讨论一些常用的会计系统和惯例。
4、As a result, the focus of project control is on fulfilling the original design plans or indicating deviations from these plans, rather than on searching for significant improvements and cost savings.
因此项目控制的重点在于按初始计划执行，找出偏差予以纠正，而不是在于寻求显著改进和节约成本。
5、Project management activities and functional concerns are intimately linked, yet the techniques used in many instances do not facilitate comprehensive or integrated consideration of project activities.
虽然运用在很多实例中的技术仍无法使人们对项目活动有综合且完整的考虑，但是项目管理活动和信息集成是密不可分的。
6、In particular, managers are often forced to infer the cost impacts of schedule changes, rather than being provided with aids for this process.
尤其是，项目经理常常不得不推断进度变化对成本造成的影响，而不是为这个过程提供帮助。
7、Communication or integration of various types of information can serve a number of useful purposes, although it does require special attention in the establishment of project control procedures.
尽管需要在建立项目控制程序中予以特殊的关注，但沟通或各类不同信息的集成能够提供很多有用的方法（仍是服务于项目管理的有效办法）。
8、To the extent that costs are within the detailed cost estimate, then the project is thought to be under financial control.
从某种程度上说，如果实际成本没有超过成本估算，那么就可以认为在财务的控制之下。
9、 Overruns in particular cost categories signal the possibility of problems and give an indication
of exactly what problems are being encountered.
特殊成本项的超支问题意味着可能存在问题，并且精确指出到底是什么问题。
10、As a result, cost overruns or savings on particular items can be identified as due to changes in unit prices, labor productivity or in the amount of material consumed.
这样一来，就可以识别具体活动成本超支或节约是由单价，劳动生产率，还是材料消耗量的变化所造成的。
13
1、 Even with minor defects, re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired.
即使是再小的缺陷，也可能需要再建并且设施运营也会受损。
2、 Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these
increased direct costs。
由于这些直接成本的增加，保险、检查和管理等非直接费成本也快速增加。
3、 It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications
and functional performance are decided.
正是在这几个前期阶段，决定了构件的配置、材料性能，以及建筑物使用功能的要求
4、 First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner
in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction.
首先，在施工过程中，不可预见事件，错误的设计决策或业主要求的设施功能变更都可能要求设计决策的重新评价。
5、 While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions
for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints.
尽管这些变更受关注品质的驱动，但他们代表了随之而来的所有目标和约束的重新设计的情况。
6、 For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required
at different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. 例如，在隧道开完过程中，一些隧道开挖方法决定了不同地点所需的支撑数量是基于土壤状况的检测。
7、 Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the
facility design may be more cost effective as a result.
由于这样的决策是基于比实际的现场条件更好的有关信息，所以设计方案会更加符合成本效益。
8、如果把遵守设计作为施工过程中的质量保证手段，那么在设计和合同文件中的质量要求规范便显得极为重要。
9、
在本章我们将详细讨论有关施工当中不同质量标准之间的联系，以及一味遵守设计所带来的一些问题。
10. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents.
一些设计和施工计划在实施中存在固有的困难和危险，但是另外一些类似的计划可能可以大大减少事故发生的可能性。
11 、For example, clear separation of traffic from construction zones during roadway
rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental collisions.
例如，清楚的交通路线和施工区域的划分能够减少事故冲突的可能性。
12、 In large organizations, departments dedicated to quality assurance and to safety might
assign specific individuals to assume responsibility for these functions on particular projects.
在大型组织中，承担质量保证和安全的部门会指派专人负责具体项目中的质量和安全
职能。
13、In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in
overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel, cost, time and other management issues.
无论在任何情况下，确保施工的安全和质量，是出了人力、成本和进度管理问题之外，
项目经理在项目整个过程中必须予以关注的事情。
14、While the multitude of participants involved in the construction process require the services
of inspectors, it cannot be emphasized too strongly that inspectors are only a formal check on quality control.
虽然参与施工过程的各方都需要有检查人员的服务，但我们不能太过强调检查者是质量控制过程中的唯一负责人。
8-Abstract
While the factors influencing construction contract price will different, the types of price arrangement mostly contain competitive bidding, negotiated contract, which prices are determined by some calculating methods, as well as the speculative residential construction and force-account construction.
Key words
Contract, Price arrangement, bidding