高一英语必修二三语法

高一英语必修二、三语法总结

一．一般现在时

1. 表示主语现在所处的状态及其所具备的特征、性格、能力等

例如：I am a girl.

2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作

例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.

3. 标志性的词语

Always often sometimes now and then

4. 若助于为第三人称单数（he she it）则动词要用单三现

二．现在进行时

1．说话时正在进行的动作

例如：I am reading.

2.表示即将发生的动作，多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等词语之中，句子中常常有时间状语

例如：The plane is going to Beijing.

3.当句子中出现了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、

All the time等

例如：I am always thinking of you.

三．倍数比较

1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B

例如：The class is twice as big as that one.

2.A+系动词+倍数词+adj\adv的比较级+than+B

例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.

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3.A+系动词+倍数词+the size\amount(数量)\ength\width\height

\depth\+of+B

例如：The class is twice the size of that class.

四．With的复合结构

1． With+宾语+宾语补足语

宾语补足语根据逻辑意义的不同可以是不同的词语，如形容词、现在分词、过去分词、副词、介词短语、不定式等，with在复合结构中常作状语

2.常用结构

○1with+宾语+doing

表主动与进行

例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.

○2with+宾语+done

表被动与完成

例如：With all things she need bought,she went home.

○3with+宾语+to do

表将来

例如：With so many thing to deal with.

五．现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时

1．基本表达式（I have been doing ）

I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.

he/ she/ it has been doing sth.

2．表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。

The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.

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中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）

I have been learning English since three years ago.

自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）

3．表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。

We have been waiting for you for half an hour.

我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)

4．有些现在完成进行时的句子等同的句子。

例如：They have been living in this city for ten years.

They have lived in this city for ten years.

他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。

I have been working here for five years.

I have worked here for five years.

我在这里已经工作五年了。

5．大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。

例如：I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）

我一直在写一本书。

I have written a book.（动作已经完成）

我已经写了一本书。

They have been building a bridge.

他们一直在造一座桥。

They have built a bridge.

他们造了一座桥。

6．表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。

例如：I have known him for years.

我认识他已经好几年了。

I have been knowing...

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这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢， hate讨厌，等。

注意：比较过去时与现在完成时

1．过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2．过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:

yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now,

具体的时间状语 ，共同的时间状语:

this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately

现在完成时的时间状语

for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

不确定的时间状语

3．现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

例如： I saw this film yesterday.

（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film.

（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

Why did you get up so early?

（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?

（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）

She has returned from Paris.

她已从巴黎回来了。

She returned yesterday.

她是昨天回来了。

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He has been in the League for three years.

(在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years.

(是团员的状态可持续)

He joined the League three years ago.

( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)

I have finished my homework now.

---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?

---He's already been sent for.

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

六．过去完成时

1． 概念：表示过去的过去

其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前 那时 现在

2． 用法

a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3．过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。

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例如：He said that he had learned some English before.

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

七．现在完成进行时

1．其构成形式如下：

I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词

He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下：

2． 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：

Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.

Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

3．表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：

It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)

Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.

4． 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：

She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

5． 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：

Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.

The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.

注意：

现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。 现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。

如： Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好.

He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。

6．否定句构成：

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主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词

7．一般疑问句构成:

Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他

八、 情态动词

1、四类：

①只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),

②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare

③可做情态动词又可做助动词：shall(should),will(would) ,ought to

④具有情态动词特征：have(had,has) to,used to

⑤情态动词表猜测

2、位置：情态动词有一定的词义，但并不完整，必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。

I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你，过来吧。

He must have been away. 他一定走了。

What can I do for you? 我能帮你吗？

How dare you treat us like that！ 你怎能那样对待我们！

3、特点：情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加

He could be here soon. 他很快就来。

We can't carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。

I'm sorry I can't help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。

基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：

What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）

I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）

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You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）

除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：

1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式： We used to grow beautiful roses.

I asked if he would come and repair my television set.

2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一：

They need not have been punished so severely.

3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：

She dare not say what she thinks.

4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：

Still, she needn't have run away.

5） 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：

Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?

She told him he ought not to have done it.

6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：

You should have washed the wound.

Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.

4、用法：首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作（如写，读，跑），而情态动词只是表达的一种想法（如能，也许，敢）。

用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形

例句：I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。

情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。

May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？

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Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗？

You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。

情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:

can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.

情态动词还有一个很重要的用法，即情态动词表推测——

情态动词表推测的用法小结

（一）情态动词表推测的三种句式

1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might / could（也许，或许）。

（1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question?

他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。

（2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.

屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。

2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。

（1）It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.

这不可能是校长，他去美国了。

（2）He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。

3.疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。

（1）Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗？

（2）Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗？

注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。

（二）情态动词表推测的三种时态

A.对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。

（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。

（2）She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.

她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。

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B.对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be”，“情态动词 +be doing”或“情态动词 + 动词原形”。

（1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。

（2）He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。

（3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?

布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？

C.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。

（1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。

（2）The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。

（3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？ 难道他找到书了吗？

注：情态动词 should /ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应……”但与“have +过去分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如：

（4）It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测）

（5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. （虚拟） 她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。

（6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. （虚拟）

汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。

5、功能：助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个：do, have和be；情态助动词基本的有十四个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：

1） 构成否定式：

He didn't go and neither did she.

The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.

2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：

Must you leave right now?

You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?

3） 构成修辞倒装：

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Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.

4） 代替限定动词词组：

A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can.

A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do.

can和could的用法

1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：

Can you finish this work tonight?

Man can not live without air.

— Can I go now? — Yes, you can.

注意：①could也可表示请求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：

Could I come to see you tomorrow?

Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.）

②can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如： I'll not be able to come this afternoon.

2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）

Can this be true?

How can you be so careless!

This can not be done by him.

3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。

如： He can not have been to that town.

Can he have got the book?

4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等.

5. can not```too\enough表示

6.can 可以表示体力活脑力方面的能力，能够，能，会

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Can you finish the work in such a short time ?

7. can 表示许可、允许 ， 在疑问句中表示要求，在否定句中表示不许，此时可以和may通用。

may和might的用法

1. 表示许可。

表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you can't . or , yes, please 用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)如：

You may drive the car.

— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.

用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。

2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如： May you succeed!

3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。 He may be very busy now.

4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：

He may not have finished the work.

must和have to的用法

1. 表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些）如：

You must come in time.

回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。

— Must we hand in our exercise books today?

— Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)

2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。

This must be your pen.

3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 He must have been to Shanghai.

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4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同：

① must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如：

The play is not interesting. I really must go now.

I had to work when I was your age.

② must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。

③ 二者的否定意义不大相同。如：

You mustn't go. 你可不要去。

You don't have to go. 你不必去。

④ 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如： Must I clean all the room?

注意：have to也可拼做have got to。

5. 表示一种与说话人 愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩，偏偏、非要。

Why must you always bother me ?

九、表语从句和宾语从句

（一）表语从句

1 定义：

A 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。

The problem is puzzling.

主语 连系动词 形容词作表语

The problem is when we can get a pay rise.

主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语---表语从句

B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.

He has become a teacher.

He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.

She has remained there for an hour.

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She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.

His suggestion is good.

His suggestion is that we should stay calm.

The question is confusing.

The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

why he cried yesterday.

how I can persuade her to join us in the party.

whether the enemy is marching towards us.

2、注意：

A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。

False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.

Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。

False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.

Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.

Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.

C 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。

Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.

D that在表语从句中不可以省掉。

表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。 一表语从句的定义：

表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。

（二）表语从句的构成：

关联词+简单句

（三）引导表语从句的关联词的种类：

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1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。

China is no longer what she used to be.

今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。

The question remains whether they will be able to help us.

问题还是他们能否帮我们。

At that time，it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word.

当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。

2. 从属连词whether，as，as if / though引导的表语从句。

He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。

It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。

3. because，why引导的表语从句。

That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（That's because…强调原因）

That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（That's why…强调结果）

what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because.

The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。

4. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever

连接副词 where，when，how，why

The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。

The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。

5. 从属连词that

The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。

6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句

在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。

My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

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（四）应注意的问题：

1. 连系动词be，appear，seem，look等之后可以跟表语从句。

It was because he didn't pass the exam. 那是因为他没有通过考试。

It seems（that）he was late for the train. 看来他没搭上火车。

It appears that she was wrong. 看来她错了。

It seems to me that we should answer for this. 在我看来，我们似乎应该对此事负责。

It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has. 在她看来，他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。

2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。

1）wh-疑问词

My question is who left. 我想问的是谁离开了。

What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。

That's what he wants. 那是他想要的。

This is where they once lived. 这就是他们曾经住过的地方。

That is why he didn't come here. 这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。

2）whether

My question is whether he left（or not）。 我的问题是他是否离开了。

注：if不能引导表语从句。

3）that

The fact is that he left. 事实是他离开了。

注：引导表语从句的连词that间或可以省略。

The truth is（that）I didn't go there. 事实是我没去那儿。

4）because，as，as if，as though

It's just because he doesn't know her. 这是仅仅因为他不认识她。

Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。

He looks as if he's tired. 他好像累了。7. 由because引导

It is because I love you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。

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That’s because you can’t appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。

It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class. 这是因为我在上课中替约翰传纸条给海伦。

A.表语从句的引导词

引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if, as though, because等连词。

1. 由that引导

The fact is that he doesn’t really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。

The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。

My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他。

His sole requirement was (is) that the system work. 他唯一的要求是这个制度能起作用。

My idea is that we should start making preparations right now. 我的意见是我们马上就开始做准备工作。

2. 由whether引导

The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。

【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。

3. 由连接代词引导

You are not who I thought you were. 你已不是我过去所想像的人。

The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。

The question is who (m) we should trust. 问题是我们应当相信谁。

What I want to know is which road we should take. 我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。

4. 由连接副词引导

The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。

That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。

That’s where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。

That’s why he didn’t come. 这就是他没有来的缘故。

That’s why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。

That’s where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的地方。

5. 由关系代词型what引导

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That’s what I want to stress. 这是我想强调的。

That’s what we are here for. 我们来这里就为了这个。

Fame and personal gain is what they’re after. 他们追求的是名利。

He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的他了。

6. 由as if / as though引导

It isn’t as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你离开不回来了。

Now it was as though she had known Millie for years. 现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。

It is not as though we were poor. 又不是我们家里穷。

【注意】because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。

B、连词that的省略问题

引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：

My idea is (that) we should do it right away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。

The trouble is (that) he is ill. 糟糕的是他病。

(二)主语从句

主语从句可以按其引导词的不同分为三类：

第一类，用从属连词that引导的主语从句，例如：

That we shall be late is certain.

That the driver could not control his car was obvious.

这种结构主要是对that从句的内容进行强调，属正式文体，连词that不可以省略；但是在一般情况下，往往使用先行it结构，即用it作形式主语，而把that从句放到后面，这时，在口语中，连词that有时则可以省略。所以上述两句可以改为：

It is certain that we shall be late.

It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.

如果整个句子是疑问形式，就只能用先行it结构，例如：

Is it true that he would take the risk？

Is it possible that they will come tomorrow？

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常使用先行it结构，用that从句作主语的句子有下列几个句型：

1、It + be + 形容词 + that从句：

It is clear that he was telling the truth.

It’s probable that we’ll be a little late.

2、It + be + 名词词组 + that从句：

It’s a pity that you can’t go with us.

3、It + 及物动词 + 宾语 + that从句：

It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.

It shocked me that Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was.

4、It + be + 过去分词 + that从句：

It is said that he has been there many times.

5、It + seem/happen/appear等不及物动词 + that从句： It seems that he has lost something.

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