2016年职称英语教材阅读判断中英双文1-10篇

第一篇Inventor of LEDLED的发明者

When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology. 当 Nick Holonyak着手用半导体含金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或叫 LED，使用范围覆盖从 DVD到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。

On April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors. 2004年 4月 23号，Holoyak在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予 Lemelson-MIT项目的 50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的 Lemelson-MIT项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。

“Any time you get an award, big or little it’s always a surprise.” Holonyak said. “任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜。” Holonyad说。

Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate

school, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches.Holonyak，75岁，是 20世纪 50年代初期晶体管的发明者 John Bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后， Holonyak在 Bell实验室工作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在家用减光开关中普遍使用。

Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his

colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective. 后来， Holonyak开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要看得见的光。 1962年他发明的 LED，现在的使用寿命可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，而且更环保、更经济。

Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didn’t realize how many uses they would have.Holonyak现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预料到 LED的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到它会有多少用途。

“You don’t know in the beginning. You think you’re doing something important, you think it’s worth doing, but you really can’t tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. You just don’t know.” he said. “开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出，怎样付出。你并不知道。”他说。

The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime

Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of “molecular sieves,” that can separate molecules by

size.Lemelson-MIT项目同样授予 75岁的 Edith Flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的成就是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。

第二篇 El Nino 厄尔尼诺现象

While some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 E1 Nino a few months in advance, the Columbia University researchers say their method call predict large E1 Nino events up to two years in

advance．That would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that El Nino can produce in various parts of the world.当某些预报方法不能提前几个月成功预测 1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。

Using a computer the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later El Nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate E1 Nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface

temperatures．The results were reported in the latest issue of the journal Nature． 研究人员使用计算机把 1980年初 2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用之前的海面温度预测远至 1857年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在昀新的《自然》杂志上。

The researchers say their method is not perfect, but Bryan C．Weare, a meteorologist at the University of

California, Davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests E1 Nino is indeed predictable．” 研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家 Bryan C.Weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管他们已并没有参加研究工作。

“This will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods．”said Weare．He added that the new method “makes it possible to predict El Nino at 1ong lead times．” Other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, Weare said． Weare说:“这会促使其他人去寻找里好的办法。”他还补充说，新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能。 ”其他的方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远是因为缺少其他的资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。

The ability to predict the warming and cooling of the Pacific is of immense importance．The 1997 El Nino, for example, caused an estimated$20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said David Anderson, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading England．The 1877 El Nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the Indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in India and China, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, Anderson said． 预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国 Reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的 David Anderson说:以 1997年的厄尔尼诺为例，它导致了全球范围内约 200亿美元的损失，抵消了在其他一些地区的良性影响； 1877年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生，导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生，结果剌激了季节性预报的发展。

When El Nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in China alone．according to a 2002 United Nations report． 根据 2002年的联合国报道， 1991年初和 1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有 2亿人受到洪水的侵害。

While predicting smaller E1 Nino events remains tricky．the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed． 然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。

E1 Nino tends to develop between April and June and reaches its peak between December and February．The warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years. 厄尔尼诺总是在 4月和 6月期间发展，在 12月初 2月之间达到高峰。气候总是在 9月初 12月之间变暖，并且每 2年到 7年出现一次。

The new forecasting method does not predict any major El Nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible． 尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。

第三篇Smoking 吸烟

Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy. 自1939年以来，许多研究已经进行，以确定是否吸烟危害健康。证据的趋势是一致的，表明存在严重的健康风险。研究小组进行研究，显示无可置疑的是吸烟与寿命缩短有关。

Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. 吸烟，相信大多数研究人员在这一领域成为在肺部和咽喉癌的发生发展的重要因素，被认为是关系到身体的其他器官癌症。男性吸烟者有心脏病比不吸烟的男性的死亡率更高。女性吸烟者被认为是受影响较小，因为他们没有在烟雾吸入如此之深。

Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. 除了统计数字，可能会有所帮助烟草是否对人体。烟是一种混合气体，蒸发化学品，火山灰和其他固体颗粒分钟。也有尼古丁，这是强大的毒药，和黑色焦油。由于烟雾吸入，所有这些组件对肺膜的存款。一个集中点是在空气管和支气管分歧。大多数肺癌开始在这一点上。

Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards 滤波器和低焦油香烟是表示要争取在一定程度上吸烟，更安全，但只能略为减少，不能排除的危险。

第四篇 Engineering Ethics工程道德

Engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. At Texas A&M University, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas A&M, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers. 工程道德在全美的工程类院校里愈来愈受到关注。在得克萨斯州的 A&.M大学，随着工程道德这门新课的开设以及由全美科学基金会提供基金，旨在为大学工程类必修课程提供道德问题方面的材料的项目的启动，人们对职业道德的关注达到了顶峰，一个由教师和管理人员组成的小组对得克萨斯州 A&.M大学的不懈努力予以了积极的支持，但是由于越来越多的学生希望能够更加了解作为职业工程人员自己的行为的价值含义，为了满足这些需求，目前该小组必须发展壮大。

The increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster, the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways collapse, and the Exxon oil spill. As a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. This discipline will doubtles4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics. 人们之所以对工程价值尺度愈发关注，至少部分原因是由于媒体对挑战者号灾难、堪萨斯城 Hyatt-Regency旅馆通道的坍塌以及 Exxon石油泄漏等事件的关注所引起的，为了响应人们的关注，一个新的学科——工程道德应运而生。同医学道德、商业道德和法律道德这些已经确立的学科一样，该学科无疑也将确立起自己的地位。

The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. They are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. Many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. Hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance. 开发这一新学科所面临的问题是，大部分工程教授不愿意将工程道德方面的资料引进课堂，他们满足于使用以数字表达的概念，不相信自己有资格就工程道德问题在课堂上展开讨论，许多工程类教授认为课程安排紧张，没有时间在课堂上就职业道德问题进行讨论，或者觉得自己没有时间去准备必要的材料。希望这里提供的资料会有所帮助。

第五篇Rescue Platform救生平台

In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. One idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter. The platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories.在世界贸易中心遭到恐怖袭击后，安全专家们正在努力寻找新方法，来从燃烧的摩天大楼上营救人们。其中的想法之一就是构建一个能够垂直升降并像直升机一样在空中盘旋的平台。该平台可沿摩天大楼上下移动，运送高楼受困人员。

The idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a Russian aerospace engineer， David Metreveli, who has since moved to Israel. Metreveli’s design, called the Eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. The spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. The more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. Moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller. 十多年前，一名俄罗斯航空航天工程师David Metreveli 酝酿出垂直起落平台这一想法，随后移居以色列。Metreveli 的设计方案命名为"老鹰"，需用两个喷气发动机来推动四个大型水平方向旋转的螺旋推进器。螺旋推进器快速旋转，生成必要的上升力，使平台升起。供给螺旋推进器的能量越多，平台升得就越高。要使平台侧向移动，则需要给螺旋推进器添加不等的能量。

Helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. Escape baskets slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. Unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang become unstable beyond a certain length. 现在，人们有时还用直升机营救起火大楼中的被困人员。从直升机中抛出的救生篮在大楼旁『摇摆，人们可以爬到里面去。不幸的是，由于悬挂救生篮的绳索在超出一定长度后就会非常不稳定，所以救生篮无法达到每一层楼。

So far, Metreveli has built a small-scale model of the Eagle to test his idea. In the wake of September 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4-meter prototype, which he calls the Eaglet. 目前， Metreveli 已经建立起一个小型"老鹰"模型来检测自己的构思。"9. 11"事件后，Metreveli 获得了足够的基金，开始构建一个较大规模的模型。该模型大小为4米x4米，他将之命名为"小鹰"。

第六篇 Microchip Research Center Created 微芯片研究中心成立

A research center has been set up in this Far Eastern country to develop advanced microchip production technology. The center, which will start out with about US $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology.为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为一千四百万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。

The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the country’s flagship chipmaker.1 Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments don’t allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2.该中心将会应用自己的研究技术和设施，为本国芯片厂家开发新技术。这个国家名列首位的芯片制造公司说，芯片中心的成立可能使这个国家摆脱从他国购买即将淘汰的技术的困境。由于许多外国政府担心先进技术会被用于军事目的，不允许这个国家的芯片生产厂家进口前沿技术，所以这些生产厂家处于一种被动局面。另外，由于这些芯片生产厂家必须向技术提供者支付高额的许可费，这也构成了他们决定要自力更生的一个重要原因。

As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker.由于主流芯片生产技术每隔 3～5年就要进行更新换代，所以掌握了新技术的厂家就可以以较低的成本制造出较好的芯片，而那些耗费数十亿美元建立起的厂家，如果设备落后，也将会被生产商所淘汰。

More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of US dollars.5 The majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners — mainly from Japan and Singapore.几个芯片厂正在建立之中，每个厂的造价都在几百万美元，其中大部分资金都流向了海外设备商和技术所有者——主要是日本和新加坡。

Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the US $14 million investment is still rather small. This country is developing comprehensive technologies. Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property7 owners. 如果新建的芯片中心能在改变该国芯片行业的被动形势中起到重要作用，该国承认，一千四百万美元的投资仍是微不足道的。该国正在开发综合技术，大部分投资将用于与技术和知识产权所有者建立联盟。

第七篇：Moderate Earthquake Strikes England中度地震袭击英国

A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007,2007年4月28日英格兰东南部地区发生中度地震。 toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. 一些房屋烟囱倒塌，许多居民半夜从睡梦中惊醒。Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County2. 肯特郡几千人遭遇断电。One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.一名女子头部和颈部受了轻伤。

“It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride, 3” said the woman. 它给人的感觉就是整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动，这个女子说。

The British Geologica Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. 英国地质调查局说，本次里氏4.3级的地震发生于上午8点19分。and was centered under the English Channel5, 震中在英吉利海峡底部。about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7.位于多佛尔以南约8.5公里处的海峡隧道入口处附近。

Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. 一些目击者看到郡中墙壁出现裂缝，并有烟囱倒塌。Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.当地居民说震动持续了大约10-15秒。

“I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me,” 我当时躺在床上，觉得好像旁边有人从床上站起来一样。saidHendrick van Eck, 27, of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London. 住在伦敦东南部60英里处凯特伯雷的27岁的Hendrick van Eck说。“I then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier9.然后我听到有东西裂开的声音，而且越来越响。 It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down. ”就好像有人在我的床尾不停地并着脚跳。

There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, 这种规模的中度地震世界上每年都会发生几千次。but they are rare in Britain. 但是在英国仍非常少见。The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10.4月28日的地震是英国自2002年中部城市伯明翰4.8级地震以来最强的一次。

The country’s strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931,英国最高的地震，1931年发生在北海。 measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11.测量达到里氏6.1级。 British Geologicisd Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, 英国地质调查所的科学家罗杰马森说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震。including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12其中一次发生在1580年，它导致损坏了伦敦并波及法国。 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. 马森语言英国这个地方迟早还会发生地震。However, people should not be scared too much by this prediction, Musson said,但是他说人们不必对此产生太大恐惧。 as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. 因为英国的现代地震预警系统应该能够侦测即将发生的地震，并在震前数小时通知大家。This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.这将使人们有时间撤离震区并把损失降到最低

第八篇：What Is a Dream?什么是梦？

For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person''s mind and emotions.许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义。另一些人则认为，梦是生命中重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。

Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. 近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从 科学的角度研究梦。

The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreamsscientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreamsare an expressions of a person''s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express thefeelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.奥地利心理学家西格蒙德•弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的 方法研究梦的人。在他的著作《梦的解析》(1900)中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud'' s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. 瑞士精神病学家卡尔•荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同。他认为，做梦的目的是要给做梦的人传递一种信息。而人们想想自已做的梦，便能对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是白视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。

Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreamsare tightly linked to a person''s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, mightdream about crime. 现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉•多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。

Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. 多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做梦做的那么多。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也需要随着年龄增长而发展。

He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men''s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women''s dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones. 多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究，他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫通过研究包括来自现代文化以及传统文化背 景在内的11种不同文化背景的人群梦境中的性别差异得出了上述结论。

Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,youshouldn''t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It''s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 梦能帮助我们更好地理解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这 个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦可

能会有意义，但也不意味着你梦到的一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。要记住， 梦中的世界并不是真实的世界 。

第九篇：Dangers Await Babies with Altitude 高海拔地区的婴儿有危险

Women who live in the world‟s highest communities{[kə'mjʊnəti] n. 社区；团体，群体（community的复数形式）} tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults{ [ə'dʌlt] n. 成年人（adult的复数形式）} with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.{ [strok] n. 中风}1一项新的研究表明，住在世界高海拔地区的女人通常生下体重不足的婴儿。这些婴儿在长大成人后患心脏病和中风的风险很大。

Research has hinted{[hɪnt] n. 暗示；线索vt.暗示；示意vi. 示意} that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn‟t clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished{['nʌrɪʃ] vt.滋养；怀有；使健壮 } — many people who live at high altitudes are relatively{ ['relətɪvlɪ] adv. 相当地；相对地，比较地} poor compared with those living lower down. 研究暗示，在山区出生的新生儿低于平均体重。但是还不清楚这是由于在高海拔地区氧气不足，还是由于他们的母亲没有获得足够的营养——许多住在高海拔地区的人相对比住在低海拔地区的人穷。

To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998. The babies were bom in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. 为了了解更多情况，剑桥大学的Dina Giussani 和他的团队研究了1997年至1998年玻利维亚的400个新生儿的记录。这些婴儿出生于两个城市的富有和贫困地区：拉巴斯和圣克鲁斯。拉巴斯是世界上海拔最高的城市，海拔3.65千米，而圣克鲁斯低很多，海拔440米。

Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly{[sɪg'nɪfɪk(ə)ntlɪ] adv. 意味深长地；值得注目地} lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies bom to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. “We were very surprised by this result,” says Giussani. 当然，Giussani发现拉巴斯的新生儿的平均出生体重明显低于圣克鲁斯的新生儿，无论高收入家庭还是低收入家庭都是如此。甚至圣克鲁斯的贫穷家庭的婴儿比拉巴斯的富有家庭的婴儿平均体重还要重。Giussani说：“我们对这个结果感到吃惊。”

The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of2 oxygen before birth. “This may triggerthe release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child.3 „„ says Giussani. 这个结果表明在高海拔地区出生的婴儿出生前就缺氧。Giussani说：“这可能会触发调节胎儿成长的荷尔蒙的释放或抑制。”

His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively{['relətɪvlɪ] adv. 相当地；相对地，比较地} larger heads compared with their bodies4 . This is probably because a fetus{['fiːtəs] n. 胎儿，胎} starved of{（使）丧失；（使）因缺乏而受困苦；渴望} oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to{优先于……} the rest of the body5. 他的团队还发现高海拔地区出生的婴儿通常有相对身体来说较大的头部。这可能是因为一个缺氧的胚胎会首先把充氧的血液输送到脑部，然后才送到身体的其他部位。

Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to{易于……；有……的倾向} heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life. Giussani想要查出这样的婴儿在今后的生活中是不是更容易患病。例如在拉巴斯出生的人在成年之后更可能患心脏病。出生时体重轻是患冠心病的一个危险因素。头部相对身体较大的新生儿在今后的生活中通常更容易患高血压和中风。

第10篇 The Biology of Music音乐生物学

Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科学界还没有给出答案。

What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and me other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing better than a lot of people).哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物？一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌(并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听)

However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that I humans, not animals , have developed musical instruments.但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器

Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However,people can use music to communicate things - especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song .it is a very powerful form of communication. But,biologically speaking , what is music"?音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达——尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么？

If' music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。

Sometime people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process langua . However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, VissarionShebalin, a Russian composer,had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability , but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁·舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。

By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us' That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, Lon don, thinks thatmuSiC and love have a strong connection Music requires special talent, practice, and physicai ability. That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate. For examplel singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good, memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally , when a man sings to the woman he loves ( or vice versa) , it may be a way of showing off.通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响？这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里·米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然) 音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。

However , Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。