.英语专业毕业论文模板2016.6
届 别 2017 届
学 号
毕业设计(论文)
(Times New Roman, 小二)
英语文学作品中的人名汉译(宋体、小二)
姓 名 (华文中宋、小三) 院系、 专 业 外国语学院、英语 导 师 姓 名、职 称
完 成 时 间 2016年12月
Translation of Personal Names in English Literary Works
( 英文标题:Times New Roman, 小三,加粗)
A Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Bachelor’s Degree in English Language and Literature
By
(汉语拼音)
Undergraduate Program
Department of Foreign Languages
Xiangnan University
Supervisor:
Academic Title: Signature_______ Approved
December 2016
CONTENTS
(Times New Roman 大写、小三,居中、加粗、空一行)
(目录内容:Times New Roman, 五号字,其中一级标题还要加粗,分散对齐,行间距20磅,标题除每一行的首字母和专有名词大写外,单词首字母不要大写;各级标题的排序用阿拉伯数字表示,不能用Chapter One 或 Part One 之类的标识,引言、结论、参考文献和致谢部分不要排序;各级标题各自对齐,二级标题比一级标题缩进3个字符后,再对齐,以此类推;中文摘要和英文摘要的页码标序分别用小写的i, ii 表示。) Abstract in Chinese……….…………………………………………………………………………………i Abstract in English…………………………………………………….……………………………………ii Introduction………………………...……………………………………...………….……..………………1
1. The definition and characteristics of personal name.........................................................................2
1.1 The definition of personal name…..………………..............….........................................................2
1.2 The characteristics of personal name……..…………………..............………................................2
1.2.1 Symbolicness...............................................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Definiteness.................................................................................................................................3
1.2.3 Variation......................................................................................................................................3
2. Personal name and culture....................................................................................................................5
2.1 Relationship between personal names and culture.............................................................................5
2.2 Cultural information in literary works................................................................................................5
2.3 Personal names in literary works .................................................................................................6
3. Naming methods of persons in English literature…………………...….………………………….7
3.1 Implying the meaning in pronunciation………………………...………….………….......................7
3.2 Expressing the meaning by personal names…………………………..…................……………...7
3.3 Originating from the allusions………………………………………..…....................……………7
4. Translation strategies..……………………………………………......…...…….………………....…9
4.1 Two fundamental strategies: domestication and foreignization…..………..…..………….........…..9
4.2 Translation strategies for personal names in literary works……....….……………………….......9
4.2.1 Foreignization………………..…………......….………………………….................................9
4.2.1.1 Transliteration………………………………...….……………….................................9
4.2.2 Domestication……..………..……….…....….…..….………..……….......…………………..10
4.2.2.1 Culture compensation……………………………..……..…….......…………………..10
4.2.2.2 Giving up the name, only getting the meaning..……………..….......…… …………..11
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..……………………...12 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….........………………….13 Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................………………….14
摘 要
(小三,宋体、居中、空一行)
(正文:宋体、小四、行间距20磅)
人名是一门艺术,也是人类社会中最普遍的语言现象,是人们利用语言符号区别他人的特定标志。人名同复杂的社会文化有着深刻的联系,因而有着深刻的文化内涵。本文选取了文学作品中的人名作为研究对象。文学作品中的人名,往往是作者根据其创作意图,为更深刻地揭示人物性格,预示人物命运,体现作品的背景和主题而精心设计的,具有深远的延伸寓意。然而某些寓意深刻的人名增添了文学作品的复杂性,从而使译者在翻译时难以把握。为了最大限度地传达原作的寓意,保持原作的风格,译者在翻译文学作品中的人名时,应从文化的角度入手,采取归化和异化的基本翻译策略,以音译、文化补偿和取意舍名等方式灵活处理。
关键词:人名翻译;文学作品;文化内涵;翻译策略
(关键词之间用分号隔开)
ABSTRACT
(Times New Roman、 大写、小三、加粗、居中、空一行)
(正文:小四、Times New Roman、行间距20磅)
Naming is an art. Names, which are used by human beings, are the commonest language phenomenon in human society. They are the signs for people to distinguish one person from another. Naming is a special and linguistic phenomenon which relates to cultures extensively and profoundly. The present paper will focus on the study of personal names in literary works. Some of these names give vivid images of the characters, some of them show the temperaments of the characters, and some of them suggest the fate of the characters. Such personal names in literary works are much more intentionally given than in daily life. They take the task to help with the development of the whole work, so the translation of them should also be taken into careful consideration. For the purpose of being faithful to the meaning and style of the source text, when translating the personal names in literary works, a translator should start from the perspective of culture, flexibly taking the two basic translating strategies: domestication and foreignization.
Key words: translation of personal name; literary works; cultural connotation;
translation strategies.
(关键词除了专有名词之外,单词首字母不要大写;关键词之间用分号隔开)
特别说明:
一、封面和封二之间插入“分页符”;
二、封二和目录之间插入“分节符”(方法:点击“插入—分隔符—分节符类型中的“下一页”—“确定” );
三、目录和中英文摘要之间插入“分节符”,中英文摘要之间则插入“分页符”,中英文摘要的页码分别用 “i、ii ”标记;
四、中英文摘要和正文之间插入“分节符”;
五、正文各节之间插入“分页符”
六、页眉部分为“外国语学院英语专业2017届毕业论文”(楷体_GB2312、小三号字,但页眉部分的文字内容只出现在论文正文部分,其它部分(不含封面和封二)页眉只留一条下划线,没有文字内容。)
Introduction(Times New Roman、顶左对齐、小三、加粗、不空行)
(正文内容:小四、Times New Roman、每段的首行向右缩进3个英文字符、行间距20磅)
Each person in the society has his or her name which differs him or her from other members in the community. Names are used by human beings and they are the signs for people to distinguish one person from another. Naming is a special social and linguistic phenomenon which relates to cultures extensively and profoundly. The information of a nation's history, language, psychology, religion, customs, concepts of moral and value are all implicated in personal names. Therefore personal names are not only linguistic symbols but social symbols, which are windows for people to see through different cultures in different societies. They contain profound culture connotation, so the studying of names attracts a number of translators. For example, Andre Lefevere, a doctor of Belgium, makes a discussion about “names” in his work Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a comparative Literature Context.
Here “name” refers to those famous people‟s names or characters in English literary works. Personal names in literary works work quite differently from personal names in daily communication. They are not only simple signs for labeling some persons, but closely connected with these persons' characteristics and even fates, both in reality and in fiction. So, in later use of these names, people familiar with the sources of these names can easily get the proper associations in their minds. Thus, the popularity and frequent use of these names has become part of the culture, and by many means the usage of these names has been spread to some other cultures. In this paper, I will talk about translation of personal names in English literary works.
(特别提醒:各节之间要插入分页符,即1和2之间,2和3之间,插入分页符,但一节之内的各小点之间不要插入分页符,即1.1 和1.2之间不要插入分页符,也不需要空行。插入分页符的办法:单击文档上方的“插入”,选择“分隔符”中的“分页符”,单击“确定”,即可。)
英文引文文内标注法:另外注意引文后句号的位置。
如果在引文中已经出现作者,那么在引文后标注(作者名字+文献年份:页码)就可以了。例如:(刘重德, 1996: 56)或者(Nida, 2003: 45)
Some scholars believe that “identity is found at the unstable point where the „ unspeakable‟ stories of subjectivity meet the narratives of history, of a culture” (Hall, 2006:
13).
What is plagiarism? Simply speaking, “ Using another person‟s ideas or expressions in
your writing without acknowledging the source constitutes plagiarism” ( Gibaldi, Manual, 2008: 143). 1. The Definition and Features of Personal Name
1.1. The Definition of Personal Name(小四,加粗,二级标题在一标题的基础上往右缩进3个英语字符, 三级标题和二级标题的位置一样)
As we know, “name” is very important in our daily life, we have to use various “names” everyday, but what is “name”? Can you give the definition to us? In Oxford Advanced Learner‟s English-Chinese Dictionary, “name” is defined as “a name or words that a particular person, animal, place or thing is known by ”. The definition is very simple, and Ernst Pulgram in his “Theory of Names” offers a more detailed definition of a name as following:
“A proper name is a noun used in a non-universal function, with or without recognizable current lexical value, of which the potential meaning coincides with and never exceeds its actual meaning, and which is attached as a label to one animate being or one inanimate object (or to more than one in the case of collective names) for the purpose of specific distinction from among a number of like or in some respects similar beings or objects that are either in no manner distinguished from one another or, for our interest, not sufficiently distinguished.” (Dunkling, Leslie Alan, 2001: 56)
It is easy for us to know that “personal name” are people's name-the name that a person inherits at birth and the other name that are given to him or her. In this article, we will focus on personal names in literary works.
1.2. The Characteristics of Personal Name
From the definition, we can see a name is basically functioned as “a label”, with the purpose of “specific distinction”. As special signs indicating individuals in the society, personal names, have some particular characteristics that no other signs can replace.
1.2.1. Symbolicness(三级标题与二级标题的位置一致,字体为小四,加粗,起始的正文内容则还是保持与原来的一致,即首行只往右缩进3个英文字符。)
Personal names, as a branch of the system of names, are symbols which represent different figures of the human beings. The start of naming people is an important mark which distinguish men from animals.
All human behavior originates in the use of symbols. It was the symbol which transformed our anthropoid ancestors into men and made them human. All civilizations have been generated, and are perpetuated, only by the use of symbols. It is the symbol which transforms an infant of Homo sapiens into a human being; deaf mutes who grow up without the use of symbols are not human beings. All human behavior is symbolic behavior; symbolic
behavior is human behavior. The symbol is the universe of humanity.
The statement reveals that one basic characteristic of personal names is symbolic.
Once a man has got his name, the name works as a symbol to distinguish himself from the other people.
1.2.2. Definiteness
The second feature of personal names is definiteness. Each personal name relates to a concrete person. It‟s a specified mark for each person. This is different from the other common names or collective nouns which refer to things of the same category. For instance,诸葛亮(Zhuge Liang) usually refers to the prime minister in Shu in Three States Period in China. Margaret Thatcher refers to the woman prime minister in the UK. Marie Curie refers to the famous Polish physicist and chemist who discovered two new elements (radium and polonium).
1.2.3. Variation
It is necessary for us to know that personal names are not purely linguistic phenomenon. As a social phenomenon of human civilization, personal name can reach to every aspect of human beings, including culture, history, economy, and so on.
The third characteristic of personal names is variation. The variation reflects mainly in two aspects-meaning and function. The variation of meaning is that people often break through the symbolicness of personal names when they are naming. They consciously make the personal names have certain meaning or deliberately pursue good names. In the naming systems of most peoples, there is a tendency that people choose the words which have good conceptual meanings and exclude those with bad connotations. In the naming system of Chinese people, the purely symbolic family names, cooperating with given names, usually regain the original meaning and make the personal names express good connotation.
As we know, the function of personal names is to distinguish. Each personal name is attached to a concrete person and used to refer to the person. But in reality the personal names sometimes deviate from the feature of definiteness and thus produce the variability of function. For one thing, several persons may have the same personal names because of the influence of people's common psychology in naming process, therefore the definiteness of personal names can not be assured. For another thing, personal names which are proper nouns are often transformed into common nouns. This is the generalization of personal names. They are not used to refer to the definite person, but used as a general reference. So there is the deviation from the definiteness.
There are many examples in English. For instance, John Hancock was a politician during
the American Civil War. Now his name means “to sign the names” as in the sentence “Put your John Hancock on this paper.” In 1776, when the Independence Declaration was passed after hot discussion, John Hancock signed his names first. His names were big and noticeable. When others asked him why he signed his names in that way, he explained, “So Fat George in London can read it without his glasses”(张逵, 2006: 23). Because John Hancock signed his names first and his signature was very noticeable, people often use John Hancock to refer to one‟s own signature. Sandwich is also a personal name used as a common noun.
2. Personal Name and Culture
Culture refers to all the ways of life created in human history, including the explicit and the implicit, the reasonable and unreasonable, and everything far from being reasonable or unreasonable. Naming relates to cultures extensively and profoundly.
2.1. Relationship between Personal Names and Culture
“I defined culture as the way of life and its manifestation that is peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression.”(Newmark, 2001: 24). Personal names are the products of the historical development of human society. They reflect the ancient civilization and splendid cultures from different perspectives. The choice of names tells us about human thought processes at that time and reflects the social reality. Therefore the development of personal names cannot be divorced from the social culture background. Names are an inseparable part of culture and the inevitable outcome of the cultural evolution. Personal names have evolved with the development of human society, so just like other linguistic phenomena they play the role of carrier and propagator of cultures. Culture infiltrates into every aspect of human social lives and exerts an imperceptible influence on people‟s behavior. Personal names are the outcome of human social behavior, so the influence of culture can be seen from the changing of names. For example, Chinese people are greatly influenced by Confucianism, so obvious propriety color can be seen in Chinese people names; English people believe Christianity and religious color can be found in their names. What‟s more, personal names exert its influence and action on society and culture. For example, the taboo on using the personal names of emperors was formed under the influence of feudal hierarchy culture.
In a word, personal names and culture influence each other, restrict each other and act on each other. From personal names, people can see the cultural similarity and difference in different societies.
2.2. Cultural Information in Literary Works
Literary work is the most important carrier of culture. As mentioned in Chapter One, we will focus on the personal names in literary works, for literary works often embody much cultural information.
Culture is the sum of a nation‟s knowledge, experiences, beliefs, sense of values, division of classes, and the attitude toward time and space. Cultural information in literary works means the elements reflecting the culture of a nation or nations in literary works. It is rather simple at first sight; however, without being paid attention, a great deal of cultural information will escape the readers or the translators. For example, the Chinese writing styles
are very different from that in English. The Chinese writers tend to develop the paragraphs in a circular way whereas the English like to follow a straight line. The Chinese way of developing paragraphs, in fact, are influenced by their philosophical concept of “Man‟s Unity with Heaven”, and common readers cannot realize this in the process of reading.
2.3. Personal Names in Literary Works
“Literary work has been taking „humanity‟ as its focus since it‟s beginning. Characters are always the focus of literary works. The background they are in, the experience they take, and the personality they have, are combined to form the whole story.” Authors create in the novels the personalities of their characters and even indicate the fates and destinations of their heroes by all kinds of methods like depicting the history and culture background, expressing the internal thoughts of the characters or endowing with them some particular names with special meanings. Among these methods, giving names with connotations to the heroes in the novel is one of the most direct and effective ways to approach the essential themes. Some of these names give vivid images of the characters, some of them show the temperaments of the characters, and some of them suggest the fate of the characters. Most of the authors will imply their standpoints, hopes, likes and dislikes in those names of their heroes or heroines to indicate the development of their stories. Thus, the author have formed a lot puns in the names of fictional figures, some in pronunciation, while some others in meaning. Take English for examples:
In John Bunyan‟s The Pilgrim’s Progress, English readers can easily get the first impression from such names as Mr. Worldly Wiseman, Faithful, Hopeful, Giant Despair, and Mr. Nogood. These names of fictional figures, intentionally given by the authors, can help readers get a better understanding of the whole work, and as the literary work has been accepted by the readers, some of the personal names will be also kept in the readers‟ minds and be widely used hereafter in the daily life in a rhetoric way like “Hamlet” in English culture.
3. Naming Methods of Persons in English Literature
Writers sometimes use names not just to name characters in a poem, story, novel, or play, but also to describe those characters. When naming a character, especially naming a hero, authors are always trying their best to choose a perfect name according to the intentions of their work. Three methods in this thesis.
3.1. Implying the Meaning in Pronunciation
The first naming method is to form a name with implied meaning in pronunciation. For example:
Gatsby: The name of the character in F. Scott Fitzgerald‟s The Great Gatsby, is “The great gets by”, i.e. “The great American dream passes by”. Willy Loman: The name of the character in Arthur Miller‟s The Death of a Salesman, is “Willies+lonely man”, i.e. “A lonely man whose heart is full willies”.
All these names are combinations of Chinese character and pronunciations.
3.2. Expressing the Implied Meaning by Names
“The name usually contains an allusion to a certain word in the language, and that allusion allows readers to characterize characters to a greater extent......”(Andre Lefevere 36)Let‟s look at the following example:
Goodman Brown: The name of the protagonist in Hawthorne‟s “Young Goodman Brown”. Brown itself is a neutral name, but Goodman, which originally meant something like “mister” and is no longer in current usage, tends to add a shade of implied meaning.
3.3. Originating from the Allusions
Sometimes, writers choose names for the characters from allusions. Followings are the examples by two characters of Herman Melville‟s Moby Dick: Ahab and Ishmael.
Ahab: The name of the character in Moby Dick.
In the Bible, Ahab was a king of Israel, who introduced the worship of pagan gods into his country. In the twenty-second chapter, King Jehosophat comes to visit King Ahab of Israel. Ahab persuades Jehosophat to assist him on a military expedition to get one of his cities back. Jehosophat insists that the prophets be officially consulted so that they can have Jehovah‟s blessing. Ahab summons four hundred prophets, who all prophesy great success, but Jehosophat refuses to believe it. So Ahab has to send a messenger to summon the prophet Micaiah, who, instead, prophesies the defeat of Ahab‟s army, and his own death. Like King Ahab, Captain Ahab introduces the worship of pagan gods to the Pequod, that is, he not only hires some pagan harpooners, but has also acted blasphemously to God several times. He, too, has his “Micaiah”, the Satanic Oriental, Fedallah, who predicts his own death and the failure
of Ahab‟s pursuit of Moby Dick. King Ahab is a fine warrior, but he is killed in battle. Captain Ahab can also be regarded as a fine warrior, and he is finally killed and buried under the sea.
Ishmael: The name of the narrator in Moby Dick.
In the Bible, Ishmael is the half-bred son of Abraham and the Egyptian slave Hagar. He is conceived when Abraham and his wife Sarah fears that there will be no heir to carry on the line, but when he is still a boy he is banished after Sarah bore Isaac. Though to Jews and Christians, Ishmael is a bastard and an outcast, yet to Arabs, he is the father of twelve sons who are to lead twelve tribes, from whom all present-day Arabs are descended. So the name of “Ishmael”, is symbolic of a wanderer or displaced person. It can be found in the novel that Ishmael not only wanders over the physical world, but also wanders spiritually in search of the meaning of life.
4. Translation Strategies
4.1. Two Fundamental Strategies: Foreignization and Domestication
“A translation strategy is a method adopted by a translator to deal with the problems in translation, of which there are two basic translation strategies, which are termed „foreignization‟ and „domestication.”
4.2. Translation Strategies for Personal Names in Literary Works
Translation is a bridge that connects one culture with another. In another word, translation should transfer adequate, accurate information; on the other hand, translation should keep the flavor of the original as much as possible. Namely, a good translation should have the exotic flavor or contain exotic cultural elements.
When we are translating these names, we are not just translating between signs as we do in ordinary communication. “Jack” into “杰克” is no longer enough, and what we do need is not the sign itself but its descriptive function. And for different situations, we should take different ways to deal with, starting from the perspective of culture, flexibly taking the two basic translating strategies: domestication and foreignization. This thesis provides three strategies for personal-name translation.
4.2.1. Foreignization
Foreignization means a term to designate the type of translation in which a translational-literary work is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.
4.2.1.1. Transliteration
Transliteration is to translate the personal names according to their pronunciation. In translating English names, translators will try to choose some Chinese characters with the same or similar sound to that of the English names. For example, the name of the heroine in Gone with the Wind is named as Scarlet, one of the Chinese version of this name is “斯佳丽”, which has the similar pronunciation to that of its original one.
If we have the shared background knowledge or the same pragmatic presupposition, we can easily get the functional equivalence by just transliteration. For example, since there are more and more channels for cross-culture communication, we get to know a lot of foreign names with the coming of the foreign culture, like“亚当(Adam)”, “夏娃(Eve)” and“诺亚(Noah)” in the Bible, and “罗密欧(Romeo)”, “朱丽叶(Juliet)” and“奥塞罗(Othello)” in Shakespeare‟s works.
There is no doubt that if the literary names are quite popular, that is to say, if the culture of the original work has already accepted these names because most of the people are quite
familiar with the heroes in those literary works. Then, translators can adopt the literary translation by the sound. The number of these names is increasing as the development of world literature. For example:
He is really a Bill Gates.
Most of Chinese in modern society know who is Bill Gates. So in this sentence, the speaker‟s real intention is to express his admiration to his friend who is good at computer. We can translate Bill Gates into“比尔·盖茨”directly, because in this sentence, both the Chinese and English share the same information background.
However, this is not the best way to translate literary names because two of the most important elements (the connotations and the metaphor of puns) are overlooked. So when translating, translators should take another two translation strategies which belong to the domestication.
4.2.2. Domestication
Domesticating translation is actually the extreme of free translation, and its opposition which keeps the exoticism of the original work is free translation to the utmost degree.
4.2.2.1 Culture Compensation
In some names, their connotations or their further meanings are much important than their function as names. In most occasions, these names lost their original distinguishing function as names but become general word referring to some persons or actions or situations. If translators disregard their connotation by translating them directly, this may result in the misunderstanding and confuses.
In 4.2.1.1, we have mentioned the name “Othello”, and now let‟s see an example:
“…All married men with lovely wives are jealous, aren‟t they? And some of them just can‟t help playing Othello.”
“.......跟漂亮女人结婚的男人都爱吃醋,我难道没有说对?还有人会不由自主地扮演奥塞罗.”(李静,李崇月, 2007:130)
In this sentence, the English readers or some of the Chinese readers who know the story of Othello will have no difficulty in getting the real connotation of the speaker. But to those common people who may never know who or what is Othello, it is impossible for them to understand the Chinese sentence “还有人会不由自主地扮演奥塞罗”.
So when the allusion or tradition behind a personal name is strange to the readers, which means that there is neither shared background knowledge nor the same pragmatic presupposition, the readers will get the vacuum of sense. To solve this problem, at first the translators should have both the bilingual competence and bicultural competence, which
means that they should at first know the culture behind the name and then have the ability to compensate the cultural gap formed by the differences.
We can make the compensation to explain the name in the text by amplification, which means adding descriptive contents to the transliteration. For example: 我不是犹豫不决的哈姆雷特。
Her manner is cool. She‟s the Disclosure) 她举止冷淡,很像美国著名冷艳影星葛丽丝·凯莉。
Most of the personal names in rhetoric use have certain allusions behind them, so the translation should be first based on the understanding of the allusions.
4.2.2.2. Giving up the Name, only Getting the Meaning
In translating those literary personal names, the translator always tried to find out a most equivalent part in the translational-literary work for the image in the original work. Thus, they got the image transferred, not the name itself. For example:
With these statement we enter Simon‟s world, where he who must wait upon him to tell us what word mean.(Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland)
“耳闻西蒙之论,我们走进了他的那个世界——鸣得意的“文字专家”,我们却成了一群冥顽不灵的、大字不识的“女流之辈”,什么词表达什么意思非得他说了算不可。”(包惠南,2001:80)
There are some other examples in John Bunyan‟s The Pilgrim’s Progress:
Obstinate(顽固的,固执的),
Pliable(顺从的,易受影响的),
Evangelist(传播福音者) (卜爱会 174)
Conclusion
Personal names are not as simple as signs. They possess the linguistic characteristics as signs, and also have some varieties under the influence of various culture factors. So, the personal name is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a cultural phenomenon. In our translation of literary works, we should take both the linguistic aspect and cultural aspect into consideration.
This thesis presents a study of personal name‟s translation to find the solutions to the problem of cultural misinterpretation in translation. The author analyses the relationship of personal names and culture, the naming methods in literary works, and the translation strategies of personal names in literary works.
After reading this thesis, we should take a new look at personal names. Especially in literary works, personal names usually contains a lot of connotation, if one knows little about the cultural background of the novel he is reading, he may be confused with translated work. So translators here should be responsible to render as much as possible the messages in the original works with various translation skills. The translation of personal names is not a minor part in our translation, and does require our attention and worth our discussion.
Bibliography
(Times New Roman、小三、加粗、居中、空一行)
此处的文献不要用数字[1]、[2]排序
Dunkling, Leslie Alan. The Guiness Book of Names[M]. London: Guinness Publishing,1991. Lefevere, Andre. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2006.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
卜爱会.浅析人名文化翻译[J].科技信息(学术研究),2007,(27):174-175. 包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
黄向前.英汉文学作品的人名寓意及翻译[J].湖南科技学院学报,2005,(2):138-139. 李静,李崇月.浅议文学作品中人名的翻译[J].桂林师范高等专科学校学报2007,(3):129-132.
吴芳.姓名的跨文化研究[D].广西大学硕士学位论文, 2002.
张逵.英汉文学作品人名的意蕴及翻译[J].山西大学报(社会科版),2000,(1):119-122. 周颖.论中英人名翻译[D].四川大学硕士学位论文,2003.
参考文献体例格式要求:
1.英文文献:英文作者将名字倒一下,姓在前,名在后,姓与名之前用逗号隔开,名字写完后标上实心句点。注意:只是第一位作者的姓与名倒装。字体为Times New Roman、小四,行间距20磅;中文文献:作者名不要倒位置,写完后也标上句点,用楷体GB_2312、小四号,行间距20磅;
如:
Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle [M]. New York: The New American
Library, 1963.
Horton, Rod W. and Herbert W. Edwards. The Advertising the American Way [M]. New
York: The New American Library, 1963.
2.英文文献在前,中文文献在后,但是文献前面不要插入序号,如[1]、[2]。 排序原则是:无论中英文文献,皆以作者名字首字母在英文中的字母顺序排列,首字母相同的,以姓名第二字母的先后排序,依此类推;
3.英文的著作文献必须用斜体;中文著作文献则不要斜体,但也不要加书名号;
4.所有期刊文献必须标注出具体起止页码;专著类的文献在参考文献处不要注明页码,但在正文中引用时要写明引言所在的页码。
5.所有文献都以实心句点结尾;英文和中文文献的作者名称后都是句点,英文文献中
单词间要空格,中文则不要;
6.同一个文献另起一行时,第二行相比第一行要向右缩进3个英文字符,依此类推;
7.文献间的行距为20磅,请用格式刷将本样本文献复制到你的文献。
8.如果论文中有注释,则放在正文完成之后, 参考文献之前, 标题设为 NOTES(Times New Roman、小三、加粗、居中)
9.文献标识:1).[M]为著作或专著
2).[C]为论文集,王承绪. 中国高等教育发展战略——中英高等教育学术
讨论会论文集[C]. 南京:东南大学出版社, 2001.
如用的是论文集中的具体的一篇文献则用按以下格式:
Lakoff,G. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor [A]. In Ortony. A. (ed). Metaphor and Thought (2nd edition)[C]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.( [A]为Article的意思)
3). [N]为报纸文献,如:
贾辉. 谚语英汉互译趣谈[N]. 英语辅导报, 2008年4月.
4). [D]为学位论文
5). [EB/OL]为电子文献,如:
王明亮. 关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]. , 1988-09-12.
6). [J]为期刊或杂志
7). [Z]为各种未定义的文献类型,如:
严邦. 中国文化漫谈[Z]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
10. 引文格式:如果所引内容不超过三行,则在文中用双引号表示,并在引文后注明出处,用圆括号表示:(英文来源的引文标注:(作者名,年份:页码),如果引用这位作者的两本或以上书本,则为:(作者,书名:页码), 中文:(作者名,年份:页码) 见例子:
“I defined culture as the way of life and its manifestation that is peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression.”(Newmark, 2001: 24).
如果引文内容超过三行,则需在文中另起一段,字号比正文内容小四字体小一号,为五号字体,并斜体,再标明出处。见例子:
In delightful May, Tess, the heroine, appears in the club-festivity in the beautiful vale of Blackmoor. The author describes it like this:
The village of Marlott lay amid the north-eastern undulations of the beautiful Vale of Blackmoor or Blackmoor afore said…This fertile and sheltered tract of country in which the fields are never brown and
the springs never dry…Here, in the valley the world seems to be constructed upon a smaller and more delicate scale…(不需用引号,标注为:(Hardy,2006: 8)
注意:所有引用的内容必须在参考文献的条目中找到出处,文献数量至少八个,中英文都要有,且要在正文中找到对应。否则作剽窃处理,不能参加答辩。
NOTES
(如果有注释则放在这个位置,没有就不用这一页)
Acknowledgments
(Times New Roman、小三、加粗、居中、空一行)
注意:要根据自己和指导老师的情况进行改写,不要千篇一律的都一
样的内容。
This thesis was worked out on the basis of my four—year graduated study. During the whole course of writing, I experienced and benefited a lot.
The retrospection of the writing brings me to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. A special acknowledgment should be known to my supervisor—Associate Prof. Li Qijiu from whom I got invaluable constructive suggestions and encouragement. As a conscientious teacher, he instructed me patiently and, kindly eliminated the errors in the thesis all along, from the first draft to the last. Additionally, Mr. Li told me the information about cultural misinterpretation and many useful translation strategies occasionally which deepened my understanding of the intercultural translation studies and improved my writing. It should also be remembered clearly that I encounter some difficulties in my writing, but under the help of Mr. Li, I overcame them smoothly. For instance, when I failed to find suitable solutions to the problem of cultural misinterpretation, Mr. Li offered me some materials from the Internet and his books.
Finally, I wish to extend my thanks to my classmates who revised my language in the thesis carefully and gave me some advice. Without the help of people above, my thesis could not so successfully.