电子商务名词解释(只有关键字版)

Chapter 1

• Electronic commerce (e-commerce)

– Businesses trading with other businesses and internal processes

• Electronic business (e-business)

– Term used interchangeably with e-commerce

– The transformation of key business processes through the use of

Internet technologies

• Business-to-consumer

Consumer shopping on the web

• Business-to-business:

Transactions conducted between businesses on the web

• Consumer-to-consumer:

Individuals who buy and sell items among themselves

• Business-to-government:

Business transactions with government agencies,such as paying taxes

and filing required reports.

• Supply management or procurement

– Departments are devoted to negotiating purchase transactions with

suppliers

• Business processes

– The group of logical, related, and sequential activities and

transactions in which businesses engage

• Telecommuting or telework

– Employees log in to company computers through the Internet instead

of traveling to the office

• Business model

– A set of processes that combine to yield a profit

• Revenue model

– A specific collection of business processes used to:

• Identify customers

• Market to those customers

• Generate sales to those customers

• Merchandising

– Combination of store design, layout, and product display knowledge

• Commodity item

– Hard to distinguish from the same products or services provided by

other sellers

– Features have become standardized and well known

• Shipping profile

– Collection of attributes that affect how easily a product can be packaged

and delivered

• Value chain

– A way of organizing the activities that each strategic business unit

undertakes

• Primary activities include:

– Designing, producing, promoting, marketing, delivering, and supporting

the products or services it sells

• Supporting activities include:

– Human resource management and purchasing

• Value system

– Larger stream of activities into which a particular business unit’s value

chain is embedded

– Also referred to as industry value chain

• SWOT analysis:

– An analyst first looks into the business unit to identify its strengths and

weaknesses

– The analyst then reviews the operating environment and identifies

opportunities and threats

• Culture:

– Combination of language and customs

– Varies across national boundaries

– Varies across regions within nations

• Business unit/ Strategic business unit(SBU):

An autonomous part of accompany that is large enough to manage itself

but small enough to respond quickly to change in its business environment.

• E-procurement:

• Industry value chain:

It describes the large stream of activities into which a particular business unit ’s value chain is embedded.

• Localization:

Translation that considers multiple elements of the local environment

• Mobile commerce(m-commerce):

The emergence of mobile telephone based commerce

Chapter 2:

• World Wide Web

– A subset of computers on the Internet

Local area network (LAN)

– Network of computers located close together

• Wide area networks (WANs)

– Networks of computers connected over greater distances

• TCP

– Controls disassembly of a message or a file into packets before

transmission over the Internet

– Controls reassembly of packets into their original formats when they

reach their destinations

• IP

– Specifies addressing details for each packet

• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

– Protocol that will replace IPv4

– Uses a 128-bit number for addresses

• Intranet

– Interconnected network that does not extend beyond the organization

that created it

• Extranet

– Intranet extended to include entities outside the boundaries of an

organization

– Connects companies with suppliers, business partners, or other

authorized users

• Domain name

A domain name is a set of words assigned to a specific IP address

• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) IP Address 62

Uses a 32-bit number to identify computers connected to the Internet

Chapter 3:

• Web catalog revenue model

– Taking the catalog model to the Web

• Disintermediation

– Removal of an intermediary from a value chain

catalog model

Proven to be successful for a wide variety of consumer items

Advertising-Supported Revenue Models

Broadcasters provide free programming to an audience along with advertising messages

• Success of Web advertising is hampered by:

– No consensus on how to measure and charge for site visitor views

• Stickiness of a Web site: the ability to keep visitors and attract

repeat visitors

– Very few Web sites have sufficient visitors to interest large advertisers

Advertising-Subscription Mixed Revenue Models (continued)

Subscribers pay a fee and accept some level of advertising

– Typically are subjected to much less advertising

• This model is used by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal • Business Week

– Offers some free content at its Business Week online site

– Requires visitors to buy a subscription to the Business Week print

magazine

Fee-for-Transaction Revenue Models

Businesses offer services and charge a fee based on the number or size of transactions processed

Fee-for-Service Revenue Models

• Fee is based on the value of a service provided

• Services range from games and entertainment to financial advice

• Online games

– Growing number of sites include premium games in their offerings

– Site visitors must pay to play these premium games

• Professional services

– State laws are one of the main forces preventing U.S. professionals

from extending their practices to the Web

Channel conflict (cannibalization)

Occurs whenever sales activities on a company’s Web site interfere with existing sales outlets

Customer-Centric Web Site Design

Customer-centric Web site design puts the customer at the center of all site designs Addressable media

– Advertising efforts are directed to a known addressee

– Also called mass media

One-to-many communication model

Communication flows from one advertiser to many potential buyers

One-to-one communication model

Both buyer and seller participate in information exchange

Many-to-one communication model 147

Many-to-many communication communication 147

Usability testing 142

Marketing channel

Each different pathway to customer

Digital content revenue model

Firms that own written information( words or numbers)or rights to that information have embraced the Web as a highly efficient distribution mechanism.

They sell subscriptions for access to the information they own

Mass media

Firms prepare advertising and promotional materials about the firm and its products or services.They then deliver these messages to potential customers by broadcasting then on telecision or radio ,printing then in newsapapers or magazines posting them on highway billboards,or mailing them.

Stakeholders 133

Stickiness

Disintermediation

Chapter 4:

– Product

• Physical item or service that the company is selling

– Price

• Amount a customer pays for the product

– Promotion

• Any means of spreading the word about the product

– Place

• Need to have products or services available in different locations

• Segments

– Usually defined in terms of demographic characteristics

• Micromarketing

– Targeting very small market segments

• Demographic segmentation

– Uses age, gender, family size, income, education, religion, or ethnicity

to group customers

• Psychographic segmentation

– Groups customers by variables such as social class, personality, or

their approach to life

• Behavioral segmentation

– Creation of separate experiences for customers based on their

behavior

• Occasion segmentation

– When behavioral segmentation is based on things that happen at a

specific time

• Usage-based market segmentation

– Customizing visitor experiences to match the site usage behavior

patterns of each visitor

• Acquisition cost

– Money a site spends to draw one visitor to the site

• Conversion

– Converting a first-time visitor into a customer

• Conversion cost

– Cost of inducing one visitor to make a purchase, sign up for a

subscription, or register

• Banner ad

Small rectangular object on a Web page

• Cost per thousand (CPM)

– Pricing metric used when a company purchases mass media

advertising

• Technology-enabled relationship management

– Firm obtains detailed information about a customer’s behavior, buying

patterns, etc., and uses it to set prices and negotiate terms

• Affiliate marketing

– One firm’s Web site includes descriptions, reviews, ratings, or other

information about a product that is linked to another firm’s site

• Cause marketing

– Affiliate marketing program that benefits a charitable organization

• Search engine ranking

– Weighting factors used by search engines to decide which URLs

appear first on searches

• Search engine positioning /search engine optimization

– Combined art and science of having a particular URL listed near the

top of search engine results

• Search engine placement brokers

– Companies that aggregate inclusion and placement rights on multiple

search engines

• Customer relationship management(CRM)

• Electronic customer relationship management(eCRM)

• Market segmentation

• One-to-one marketing

• Rational branding

• Viral marketing

• Web log(blog)

Chapter 6:

• Virtual community/ Web community

– can help companies, their customers, and their suppliers plan,

collaborate, and transact business

– Gives people a place to ask questions that are answered by an expert

for a fee

Microlending

Practice of lending very small amounts of money

countries) People starting or operating small businesses (especially in developing • Bidders

– Potential buyers

• Bids

Prices bidders are willing to pay for an item

• English auctions/ Ascending-price auction

bidders publicly announce their successive higher bids until no higher bid is forthcoming

• Open auction

– Bids are publicly announced

• Minimum bid

– The price at which an auction begins

• Reserve price

– Minimum acceptable price

• Yankee auctions

– English auctions that offer multiple units of an item for sale • Dutch auctions / descending-price auctions

Form of open auction in which bidding starts at a high price and drops until a bidder accepts the price

Often better for the seller

Good for moving large numbers of commodity items quickly

• Liquidation brokers

– Firms that find buyers for unusable inventory items

• Auctioneer

Chapter 7:

• Self-hosting

– Run servers in-house

– Often used by large companies

Managed service providers (MSPs) /

Application service providers (ASPs)

– Offer Web server management, rent application software

• Shared hosting

Client's Web site on server hosting other Web sites simultaneously Operated by service provider at its location

Dedicated hosting

Client Web server available

Server not shared with other clients

Co-location service

Service provider rents physical space to client

Provides reliable power supply, Internet connection

Clients install own server hardware, software; maintain server

Scalable

Web server hardware, software combinations adaptable to meet changing requirements when needs of clients grow

• Catalog

listing of goods and services

• Static catalog simple list written in HTML

– On Web page or series of Web pages

• Dynamic catalog item information stored in database

– Separate computer accessible to server running Web site itself (usually) Transaction Processing

• Occurs when shopper proceeds to virtual checkout counter

– Click checkout button

• Electronic commerce software performs necessary calculations

• Web browser software and seller’s Web server software switch into secure communication state

• Most complex part of online sale

– Web server software must communicate with other software running on seller’s other computers

Chapter 10:

• Downstream strategies

– Used to improve the value that the business provides to its customers • Opportunity costs

– Lost benefits from an action not taken

• Outsourcing

– Hiring another company to provide outside support for all or part of a

project

Early Outsourcing

• Outsource the initial site design and development to launch a project quickly

• Outsourcing team trains the company’s information systems professionals in

the new technology

• It is best to have the company’s own information systems people working

closely with the outsourcing team

Late Outsourcing

• Information systems professionals

– Do initial design and development work

– Implement the system

– Operate the system until it becomes a stable part of the business

operation

• Once a company has gained a competitive advantage, maintenance of the

electronic commerce system can be outsourced

• Project management

– Formal techniques for planning and controlling activities undertaken to

achieve a specific goal

• Business manager

– Should be a member of the internal team that sets objectives for a

project

• Project manager

– Person with specific training or skills in tracking costs and

accomplishment of specific objectives

• Account manager

– Keeps track of multiple Web sites in use by a project

• Applications specialists

– Maintain accounting, human resources, and logistics software

– Understands how Web pages are constructed

• Customer service personnel

– Help design and implement customer relationship management activities • Call center

– Company that handles incoming customer telephone calls and e-mails

for other companies

•

• Chief information officer(CIO)

• Content creator

• Database administration

• Partial outsourcing (Component outsourcing)