文章的开头,主体与结尾
第一节 文章开头
1．开门见山法
(1) 现在许多人谈论最多的问题…。他们抱怨说…。
(One of the most popular topics many people talk about now is …)
(2) 目前，我们面临的严重问题之一是…
(One of the serious problems facing us at present is …)
(3) 最近，…问题已引起公众的广泛注意。
（Recently the problem of … has been brought to public attention.
(4) 当被问及当今社会最大的问题是什么时， 许多人认为…
(When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say…)
(5) 现在许多人讨论的热门话题之一是…
(One of the hottest topics many people talk about now is …)
(6) 最近，下岗工人成为人们议论的焦点。
(Recently the problem of the laid-off workers has been brought into
focus/brought to public attention.)
2．引用不同或错误观点法
(1) 人们普遍认为…。他们觉得…。但我认为…。
(It is commonly believed that…. They argue that… . But I doubt that…)
(2) 当论及…时，一些人认为…, 另一些人却认为…
(When it comes to …, some people believe that … Others argue that …)
(3) 对…人们的态度各不同。
(Different people hold different attitudes toward …)
(4) 人们对…的观点因人而异。有些人认为…。 然而其他人却认为…
(People’s views on … vary from person to person. Some hold that … However, others believe that …)
(5) 人们普遍存在一种误解，认为…
(There is a common misconception among people that …)
(6) 或许，是该重新审视…态度的时候了。
(Perhaps it is time to reexamine the attitude that …)
3． 引用被普遍接受的观点或事实法
(1) 随着人们生活水平的提高，…变得越了来越普及了。
(With the development of people’s living standard, … is becoming more and more popular.)
(2) 随着科学技术的发展，越来越多的人认为…。
(With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that …)
(3) 任何事情都有两方面，… 也不例外。它既有好的一面，也有不好的一面。 (Everything has two sides and … is not an exception. It has both advantages and disadvantages.)
(4) 虽然普遍的观点是…，但最近的一项研究显示…
(Although the popular idea is that … a recent study shows that …)
(5) 最近一项调查表明…。所以有些人认为…，另一些人却不这样认为。
(A recent survey indicates that … So some people take the view that … Others, however, don’t think so.)
第二节 文章主体
一、段落的组成
一般来说，英语作文的段落是由主题句(topic sentence)、推展句(development /
supporting sentence) 和结尾句(concluding sentence) 这三类句子组成的。它们之间的关系可用下列图标表示：
主题句就是阐明段落中心思想或主要内容的句子，它是该段落的核心句。主
题句通常由两个部分组成：（(1)主题(topic)（(2)主导思想(controlling idea)。主题句在段落中的位置通常在段落的开始，因而也叫段首句，起到提纲挈领的作用。但也有在段落的中间和末尾的。甚至在有些段落中找不出主题句。
推展句指用来支持或说明主题句的句子。根据其在段落中所起的作用，推展句又可以分成不同级别，如，一级推展句、二级推展句、三级推展句等。
一级推展句用来展开主题句中的主导思想，使之更明确，更突出，更具体。
二级推展句用来为一级推展句提供新信息，同时辅助一级推展句支持主题句中的主导思想。它们的直接作用时支持一级推展句，间接作用是衬托一级推展句来推展主题句中的主导思想。
依此类推，三级或四级推展句就是为上一级的推展句提供新信息的句子。
结尾句也可称为结论句，通常是本段主题句的总结句子。所以，结尾句应和主题句相呼应，或者说是主题句的再现。结尾句可分为：结论性，建议性和号召性等几种。但要注意的是，并非所有段落的最后一个句子都是结尾句。
Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
①Fake commodities do harm to individual consumers as well as our society in many ways. ②They can bring about great loss in both properties and lives. ③A case in point is that if a consumer buys some fake medicines, the medicine won’t cure him of his illness but probably kill him instead. ④What ’s more, the production of fake commodities is a great danger to our society. ⑤Every one of us has the duty to fight against fake commodities for our society and for ourselves. 这一段能较好地说明段落的组成。句①是个主题句；句②是个一级推展句；句③是个二级推展句；句④句又是个一级推展句；⑤是个号召性的结尾句。
二、展开段落的三大主要方法
1．列举法
Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
One of the most popular topics people talk about now is the fake commodities. Time and again we learn the complaint about it on TV or in newspapers. In my opinion, the reasons for that are as follows . First, some businessmen don’t have any professional moralities. The only goal they pursue is to make money. In addition, the legal system in China is far from complete. We haven’t made severe laws to punish anyone who dare to make or sell fake commodities. Last but not least, some people just want to pay less money for better goods, which leaves a room for fake commodities. The reason they do so is that they don’t fully understand the harmfulness of fake commodities.
这是一个典型的用列举法展开的段落，作者用“First, In addition, Last but not least”这几个过渡词把这个段落写得很紧凑。
下面为考生提供此法中常用的几组过渡词：
1） first,… second,… third,… lastly…；
2） to begin with,… next,… furthermore,… finally, …；
2．比较与对比法
此法主要用来说明人物、事物等的相同点与不同点的。严格说来，比较是用来指出同一类型两个或两个以上的人或事物的相同之处，而对比则用来指出他们的不同之处。
Bicycle -- An Important Means of Transport In China
Compared with a car, a bicycle has both advantages and disadvantages. For instance, a car uses gas as its fuel. As a result, it may cause air pollution. A bicycle, however, is pollution free.
A long travel is surely not fit for bicycle. But a person who sits all day long in a car might get fat and become unhealthy.
下面为考生提供此法中常用的连接手段与句型：
（1） 表示“相同”或“相似”
（2） 表示“不同”
（3） 常用句型
3．因果法
Student Use of Computers
There are many causes for this change. For one thing, computers can do a lot of things that may be difficult for man to do. So many people turn to computers for help when they want to have their job done. For another, computers are becoming cheaper day by day. As a result , many universities install them in large numbers and many families can afford to buy one. Consequently , they are always available for students to use. But the prime reason , I think is that with the development of society, computers are used in almost all walks of life. If a student is good at computer, chances will be greater for him to get a job.
本例中斜体的单词是因果法中常用的连接手段。下面为考生提供更多此法中常用的 连接手段与句型：
第三节 文章结尾
下面主要介绍几种不同类型的结尾句。
1． 得出结论性结尾句
(1) 上面讨论的情况看，我们可以有把握地得出„的结论。
(From what has been discussed above, we may safely arrive at/come to the conclusion that…)
(2) 所有证据都支持一个毫无疑问的结论…
(All the evidence supports an unmistakable conclusion that …)
(3) 把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论…
(Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that …)
2． 号召性结尾句
(1) 有必要采取有效行动来结束这种局面。
(It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to end the situation.)
(2) 是我们结束„的时候了。
(It is time that we put/urged an immediate end to …/ It is high time for us to end…)
(3) 很有必要采取适当措施来纠正这一倾向，即…
(It is necessary that proper steps should be taken to correct the tendency that…)
3． 建议性结尾句
(1) 总而言之， 我们应该/必须„。我们应该„。
(In short, we should/must…; we should/ought to….)
(2) 当我们寻求做某事的方法时，我们必须意识到…
(As we look for ways to do something, we must realize that…)
(3) 毫无疑问，需要对…问题加以特殊关注。
(There is no doubt that special attention must be paid to the problem of …)
(4) 意识到这一问题只是在解决这一问题上向前迈出的第一步。我们还应该…) (Realizing the problem is the first step toward the solution to the problem, we should also ….)
(5) 无论在什么时候，什么情况下，我们都应该…
(At no time and in no circumstance should we….)