英语定语从句
第一章
定语从句
1.
基本知识精讲
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
用来引导定语从句
的词叫关系词(分为关系代词和关系副词)
。定语从句一般放在先行词之后。如:
This is the engineer
who
will give us a talk on science.
先行词
关系词
定
语
从
句
一、由关系代词引导的定语从句
英语中的关系代词有
who, whom, whose, which, that
和
as
。它们的用法如下:
1. who
,
whom
的用法
who
和
whom
指人,在从句中分别作主语、宾语。作动词宾语时常被省掉。在口语中可用
who
代替
whom
。
如:
The young worker
who
invented this tool is her brother.
This is the boy (
whom
) I helped.
2. which
的用法
which
指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语是在非正式语体中可以省略。如:
The factory
which
produces these cars is very large.
This is the book (
which
) you want.
3. whose
的用法
whose
指人或物,在从句中作定语,不可省略。
Whose
有时可用
of which
替换。如:
Do you live in the room
whose
window opens to the west?
This is the student
whose
pronunciation is the best in our class.
4. that
的用法
that
既可指人,也可指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,在非正式语体中常省略。如:
There were once six blind men
that/ who
lived in a village in India.
Wheat is a plant
that/ which
is grown in the north of China.
The letter (
that
) I received was from my father.
[
注意
]
只能用关系代词
that
的场合
that
既可以指人也可以指物,但在下列场合,要用
that
,而不用
which
或
who
。
1.
先行词为
all
,
anything
,
everything
,
nothing
,
much
,
little
,
few
,
any
等不定代词时,只能用
that
。但先行词
为
something
时,用
that
或
which
皆可。如:
That
’
s all
that
I want to say.
Everything
that
the parents do is for the good of their children.
2.
先行词被
all
,
any
,
no
,
the only
,
the very
(恰好)
,
little
,
few
等词修饰时。如:
Thank you for giving me the very book
that
I
’
m lo
oking for.
He is the only person
that
was present at the meeting.
I have read all the books (
that
) you gave me.
3.
指物的先行词被形容词的最高级或被序数词修饰时。如:
This is the best film
that
has been shown this year.
I like the second football match
that
was held last week.
4.
先行词中既有人又有物时。如:
The hero has saved the horse and its rider
that
fell into the river.
He talked about the school and the teachers
that
he had visited.
5.
当先行词为
the way
,
the time
,
the period
等时,但
that
通常被省略。如:
I don
’
t like the way (
that
) you speak to her.
This is the last time (
that
) I shall help you.
6.
关系代词在定语从句中作表语。
7.
在
which
或
who
引导的特殊疑问句中,为避免重复用
that
引导取代
which
或
who
。
5. as
的用法
as
引导限制性定语从句通常构成
such
…
as,
the same
…
as
或
as
…
as
等固定搭配。
as
在从句中可作主语、宾语或
表语。如:
I want to have
such a dictionary as
you have.
I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday
.
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
英语中的关系副词有
when
,
where
,
why
等。
1. when
的用法
when
指时间、修饰表示时间的先行词,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于
at/ in/ on which
。如:
How can I forget the day
when
(=on which) I joined the Y
outh League?
I thought of the days
when
(=in which ) we studied together.
He came at a time
when
the students needed him.
2. where
的用法
where
指地点,修饰表示地点的先行词,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于
in/ on/ at which
。如:
This is the farm
where
(=on which) my grandfather once worked.
That is the place
where
(=in which) we lived two years ago.
3. why
的用法
why
指原因,修饰名词
reason
,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于
for which
。如:
I don
’
t know the reason
why
(=for which) you get so angry with me.
Do you know the reason
why
he was late for school?
[
注意
]
表示时间、地点的名词后关系词的选用
当先行词是表示时间、地点的名词时,有时用
when/ where
,有时用
that/ which
引导定语从句。这时要根据从句
的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的而定。如果是及物动词就用
that/
which
(作从句
的主语或宾语)
;如果是不及
物动词,就用
when/ where
(作从句的状语。
)试比较:
This is the house
where
he lived last year.
This is the house
that/ which
he visited last year.
I thought of the happy days
when
I stayed in Beijing.
I have never forgotten the days
that/ which
we spent together.
三、
“介词
+
关系代词”引导的定语从句
由“介词
+
关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体。能作这种用法的关系代词主要有
which
(指物)和
whom
(指人)
,它们既可以引导限制性定语从句,又可以引导非限制性定语从句。大致可以分为以下几种结构:
1.
介词
+
关系代词
whom
,
which
在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词一般位于关系代词之前,形成紧密的介词短语。如:
This is the classroom
in which
we studied last year.
The student
to whom
you talked just now is a good football player.
有时为了是关系代词紧跟在它所修饰的词之后,也可以把介词放在从句的谓语动词之后。这时
which
,
whom
在口语中和在非正式文体中常被省略。如:
This is the hotel (which) they are staying at/ in.
但从句中不论含有作宾语的
which
还是
whom
,只要含有带介词的短语动词,这时短语动词一般不拆开,介词
仍放在动词之后。如:
Is this the book which she was
looking for
?
The babies whom the nurse are
looking after
are very healthy.
He is a kind of man whom you can safely
depend on
.
[
注意
]
介词的选定
1.
介词的选定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配。如:
Who is the girl
with whom
you just shook hands?(shake hands with
…
是习惯性搭配
)
2.
介词常受先行词的制约,即介词和先行词的搭配。如:
He built a telescope
through which
he could study the skies.(through which
即
through the telescope)
2.
名词
/
数词
/
代词
+
介词
+
关系代词
这时介词短语作定语修饰该名词或代词等。如:
She wrote a book,
the name of which
I have completely forgotten.
There are four students in the classroom,
all of whom
are working hard at a problem in mathematics.
The watches were stolen,
one of which
was mine.
3.
形容词最高级
+
介词
+
关系代词
China has thousand of islands,
the largest of which
is Taiwan.
I have three sisters,
the tallest of whom
is my youngest sister.
四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
1.
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语。如果去掉它,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从
句和主句的关系十分密切,书写时,它与先行词之间不用逗号隔开。如:
Do you know the professor
who gave us a talk yesterday
?
The play
that we watched last night
was wonderful.
2.
非限制性定语从句
这种定语从句的主句关系不十分密切,只是对先行词作些附加的补充说明,是主句多一层意思,没有它主句
也能独立存在,
而且意思仍然清楚。
这种从句和主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
这种定语从句中的关系代词不可省略。
如:
Mr. Smith,
who is my English teacher
, often helps me with my English.
All the books there,
which have pictures in them
, were written by Mr. Wang.
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa,
where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.
Sunday is a holiday,
when people do not go to work
.
[
注意
]
as
与
which
在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别
1.
关系代词指代主句中某一个名词或名词词组,并对该名词或名词词组进行补充说明时,只能用
which
引导定
语从句。如:
The football match,
which
I watched yesterday, is very exciting.
2.
关系代词指代主句谓语部分的整个概念时,只能用
which
引导定语从句。如:
He can write a letter in English,
which
I cannot.
3.
代表前面整句话的意思,可以用
which
或
as
。但
as
常常含有“正如;像”的含义,而
which
却常常含有“这
一点”的意思。如:
I said nothing,
which
made him angry.(
我什么也没说,这使他很生气。
)
He finished the task in time,
as
we had expected. (
他按时完成了任务,正如我们预料的那样。
)
4.
指代后面整句话的意思时,只能用
as
引导定语从句。如:
As
anyone can see, they are very happy.
5. as
引导的非限定性定语从句,可在句首、句中或句尾,
which
只能在句尾。
五、分隔定语从句
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。但有时为了句子结构的协调匀称,或为了行文的需要,在先行
词和定语从句之间插入了一些其他成分,使二者分隔开来,这样就形成了分隔定语从句。如:
A new master
will come tomorrow
who will teach you German
.
(定语从句修饰主语
A
new master,
被谓语部分分
隔开来)
There is
an expression
in his eyes
that I can
’
t understand
. (
定语从句修饰
an expression,
被状语
in his eyes
分隔开
来
)
There is
a journalist
and writer living in America
whose name is Alex Haley
. (
定语从句修饰
a journalist and writer,
被另一定语
living in America
分隔开来
)