高考定语从句讲解
定语从句
一定义及相关术语
1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where, why等
提示:关系词在定语从句中有三大作用
1. 连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。
2. 替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。
3. 成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。
二关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词,并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
1. who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
2. whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略,在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替。 Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
The girl (whom) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。
3. which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。 He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。 The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
4. that 指物时,相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。 The season that/which comes after spring is summer. 春天之后的季节是夏季。 I don’t like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。
The dress (that/which) Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。
5. whose 指人、物皆可,与后面的名词有所属关系,在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。 注意:指物时,常用以下结构来代替:
The house whose windows are broken is empty.
The house the windows of which are broken is empty.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
三“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间(that, who不可以),也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面,使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。
The school (which/that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
3. “介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如:
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母,他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果,有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生,大多数来自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止,他写了10部小说,其中3部是关于农村生活的。
四
引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where和why等。when, where, why都在定语从句中作状语,在意义上相当于介词+which结构,分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。
1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.
你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗?
2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。 I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised. 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗?
注意: point ,case,situation, position, job等抽象名词也用where 引导。
It has put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job. She wants a job where her management skills can be put in use. He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.
3. why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如:
I’ll never forget the day when/on which I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。
Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
I have been to Hangzhou, which is a very beautiful city. 我去过杭州,它是一个非常美丽的城市。
补充:
(一)只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1.当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, the one等词时。 Everything that he said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
Is there anything that I can do for you? 有我能为你效劳的事吗?
That’s all that I know. 我知道的就这么多。
There is something (which/ that) I'd like to tell you. 有些事我想告诉你。
2.当先行词被the very(恰恰,正好), the only,any,few,little,no,all修饰时。
This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 这正是我要买的语法书。
The only thing that is constant is change. 唯一不变的是变化。
There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。
3.当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。
This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么?
5.当先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们谈论的人和事吗?
(二)关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时, 其用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。具体情况是:
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子。如:
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了,这是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实, 这一点我们看得出来。
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如:
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人,这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知, 约翰是个著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。
注意:当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。如:
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到,这使得老师很恼火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的,这使得这些桌子很重。
1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时,关系词常用as。 如:
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意:当先行词受the same 修饰时,偶尔也用 that引导定语从句,但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如:
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。如: The way (that/in which) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。 I don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑她的样子。
(四)引导词的选择
主要分析关系词在定语从句中的作用(即所担当的成分)。试比较:
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which/that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。
B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that/which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。
C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that/which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。
(六)定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1. 定语从句修饰限定先行词,它与先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,它与先行词是同位关系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. (定语从句) 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。 The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (同位语从句) 他已经去世了,这个事实很明了。
2. 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分,关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导,在从句中一般不担当成分;有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what等连词引导,这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he told me is true. (定语从句) 他告诉我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true. (同位语从句) 他刚刚去世了,这个消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (同位语从句) 我们如何筹集这么多资金,这个问题很难解决。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (定语从句) 他提出的问题让我们很为难。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (同位语从句) 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛,这个问题很难回答。
练习
1. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _____ the sailing time was 226
days.
A. of which
B. during which C. from which D. for which 2. George Orwell, ______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name A.a; that B.a; when C.the; that D.the; when 3. There was time I hated to go to school .
4.What surprised me was not what he said but he said it .
A.the way
which
A. how B.in the way that C.in the way D.the way 5. I work in a business _________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. B. which
B. When
B.which of
B. at which C. where C. What C.of them C. in which
C. what
C. when D. that D. As D.of that D. on which D. how D. that 6. ________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which A.of which A. for which 7.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% are sold abroad . 8.The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success. 9. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _______I disagree. A. why B. where A. where B. which 10.There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands.
11. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _____ they can talk frequently.
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
12. Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by al
lion.
A. when B. while C. since D. once
13. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , , of course , made the others
envy him .
A. who A. what B. that B. which C. what C. that D. which D. where 14. A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago .
15.Anyway, that evening, ____ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
16. You can eat food free in my restaurantyou like.
A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however
17. the place_____ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ______ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.
A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which
18. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ____ they are being trained.
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which
was so poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that
more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. 20. ( 2006江苏卷)The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ 19.Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _____it was 20 years ago, _____ it
A. who B. that C. as D. which
21. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was,she had
run back in the direction ________ she had come.
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which.
22.——Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
——Yes,there’s one point ________ we must insist on
A.why B.where C.how D./
23. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having
heart disease than those ________ don’t.
A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who C. who ; who D. 不填; 不填
24. We’re just trying to teach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
25.I was told that there were about 50 foreign students Chinese in the school, most were from
Germany.
A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them
26. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream.A. D. studying; of whom which
B. that C. where D. it
27. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people,most of _____are healthy
A. that B.which C. what D. whom
28. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ___________ can be very eye-opening and rewarding.
A. who B. which C. what D. that
29. The thought of going back home was kept him happy while he was working abroad.
A.that
year.
A.they both
than hearing.
A. when B.all that C.all what D.which 30. It is reported that two schools,_______ are being built in my hometown,will open next B.which both C.both of them D.both of which 31.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ________ sight matters more B. whose C. which D. where
32. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
A. that B. which C. who D. where
33. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be con-trolled on purpose.
A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which
34. I’ll give you my friend’s home address, I can be reached most evenings.
A. which B. when C. whom D. where
35. We went through a period ______ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which
36. Villagers here depend on the fishing industry,_________ there won’t be much work
A. where B. that C. by which D. without which
37. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have
resulted in changes in the law.
A. where B. when C. who D. which
38. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, ____ New York is an ex-
ample.
A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which
39. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma,
____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which
填空
1. I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school_______I met in the English
speech contest last year.
2. I refused to accept the blame for something____was someone else’s fault.
3.The reason___he was late was ____he was stuck in a traffic jam.
4.As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ___is named after his grandfather.
5.Wind power is an ancient source of energy ____we may turn in the near future.
6.The settlement is home to nearly 1000 people, many of __left their village homes for a better life in
city.
7.It’s helpful to put children in a situation____where they can see themselves differently
8.Life is like a long race_____ where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
I. 单句改错
1. 【2005安徽】Henry Royce did not like his car, that ran badly and often broke down. 2. 【2004重庆】I had to look up the same word many times, for which was quite troublesome.
3. Which is natural, he married Mary.
4. There is no simple answer, which is often the case in science.
II. 写作技能提升
9. 我发现一个老人躺在马路上,我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院,这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。(find
somebody doing, take…to, which)
10. 正如一句谚语所说,“All work but no play makes Jack a dull boy.”如果没有一个强壮的身体,一个人会一事无成。(saying, a sound body, achieve)
11. 正如图表所显示的那样,这个城市的空气质量在过去两年越来越糟。(as is shown in the chart, the air quality)
12. 在汉语演讲比赛中我获得了一等奖,这我做梦也没有想到。(win the first prize, Chinese speech competition, beyond my wildest dreams)
13. 在我国,许多学生上不起大学,李华就是这种情况,但这些人却花这么多钱买奢侈品。(can’t afford to attend a college, as is the case with, waste money on, luxury)
非限制性定语从句在写作中非常好用,可以把琐碎的要点连成一个高级的句子来。尝试用非限制性定语从句翻译下面句子。
14. 我们的学校,位于内乡西北角,有34年历史。(be located in, have a history of)
15. 我们学校里的老师,大多数都是三十多岁,把他们一切都奉献给了我们。(in one’s thirties, devote oneself to)
16. 我们学校的领导,都年轻有为,他们也都是教学方面的专家,还经常到外地学习先进的教学和管理经验。(young and successful in their careers, expert, advanced theories in teaching and management)
17. 我们学校有四千多学生,大多数都能用心学习。(the majority of, put one’s heart into)
18. 我为我们的学校而感到自豪。我相信,在这里,如果我们好好学习的话,一定会考上名牌大学。(be proud of, there is a good chance that, be admitted to)