关于龙虾的10件怪事

关于龙虾的10件怪事

Lobsters are pretty strange animals. For starters they have no vocal chords, possess two stomachs, and have been known to eat each other.

龙虾是十分奇怪的一类动物，它们没有声带，却有两个胃，甚至还会互相吞食。

But you don't think about all that when a big red one lands on your dinner plate. There's nothing like extracting large pieces of lobster meat from the shell, swirling them in warm drawn butter, adding a squeeze of lemon, and savoring each sweet, delicious bite.

但是当一只红色的大龙虾摆在你的餐盘里时，你就不会思考这些了。去掉壳的龙虾肉拌上奶油，再配上一杯柠檬汁，再没有比这更美味的食物了。

While lobster is usually considered a gourmet entrée, right up there with filet mignon, that wasn't always the case.

龙虾和菲力牛排都是精美的主菜，然而事情并不总是这样美好的。

Lobsters were once so plentiful in New England that they could easily be caught right at the shore and were eaten mainly by poor people and prisoners.

新英格兰的海滩上的龙虾曾经多得随手一抓就是一把，而这些龙虾大都被穷人和囚犯享用了。

Let's look at this and nine other strange facts about lobsters. (For the purposes of this article, we're mostly focusing on the American or Maine lobster). Read on to find out how familiarity bred contempt.

让我们一起来阅读这篇文章，了解关于龙虾的怪事吧。（为了完成这篇文章，作者集中研究了美国和缅因州的龙虾），继续阅读下去，你就会知道到龙虾是如何发展为一种美食的。

10.Lobster Was Once Poor Man's Food

10.龙虾曾是穷人家的饭食

Lobsters were considered a delicacy during the Middle Ages in Europe, and even served as medicine.

在中世纪的欧洲，龙虾既是一种美食也可作为药材。

The rostrum, or frontal part of the body, was pulverized and used to help people pass kidney stones. The gastrolith, or gizzard stone which the lobster uses to help grind up food, was handy for treating stomach aches.

龙虾的嘴巴和前额磨成细粉可以用于治疗肾结石，而龙虾用于磨碎食物的胃石和砂囊石则可以缓解胃疼。

Fast-forward a few hundred years and attitudes changed drastically. Lobster was so abundant in 18th and early-19thcentury New England that it was fed to pigs and the shells used as fertilizer. 这几百年里社会迅速发展，人类对龙虾的态度也彻底改变。在18世纪和19世纪初的新英格兰，龙虾因为太多，甚至被用于喂猪，而虾壳则作为肥料使用。

龙虾曾是穷人家的饭食

Indentured servants in Massachusetts were so sick of eating it that they won a court case to keep their masters from feeding them lobster more than three times a week.

在马萨诸塞州，签约的仆人非常讨厌吃龙虾，他们甚至赢得了一个法案诉讼，规定他们的主人每周让他们吃龙虾的次数不得超过三次。

The first shift to luxury food item took place in the late 1800s, as wealthy city-dwellers flocked to the beach and enjoyed the novel taste (for them) of lobster. Advances in refrigeration allowed live ones to be transported all over the country.

18世纪末，一些富有的城里人涌到海滩，尝到了龙虾这种新鲜的（对他们来说）美味，龙虾开始成为奢侈品。而随着冷藏技术的发展，生龙虾也可以运到世界各地。

As demand increased, supply decreased, which drove up the price. Supply and demand has ebbed and flowed over the years, but these days lobster is considered fancy food.

需求的增加和供应减少导致龙虾的价格水涨船高。虽然这些年龙虾的供需一直起伏不定，但它已被普遍认为是一种美食了。

9.They Aren't (Usually) Red Before Cooking

9.生龙虾不都是红的

In the wild, most lobsters are a mottled greenish brown. They turn red when cooked because heating breaks the bond between pigmentation and protein in the shell.

大部分野外龙虾都是绿褐色，当它们被煮熟时就会变成红色，这是因为加热打破了虾壳上天然色与蛋白质之间的束缚。

The red color comes from the expression of astaxanthin, a type of carotenoid pigment found in orange-colored plants, eaten by the animals the lobster eats.

虾壳的红色来源于虾青素，这是橘红色的植物里所含一种类胡萝卜素，龙虾是因为捕食一些食用虾青素的动物才变成红色的。

A small number of lobsters can be red prior to being cooked -- as well as orange, yellow, green, blue and various combinations of these colors.

有一部分龙虾在被煮熟前就变成了红色或者橙色、黄色、绿色、蓝色以及其他颜色的混合色。 In some cases, these hues are a genetic mutation. Other times, it has to do with the food the lobster eats; if it only has one type of food available, it may turn a solid color as a result.

有一些龙虾壳的颜色变化是由基因突变引起的，有时候却与它们所吃的食物有关。如果它们只吃一种食物，也许龙虾壳就只有固定的单一颜色。

生龙虾不都是红的

So far, we've been referring to the American lobster. This big-clawed crustacean is found off the east coast of Canada and the United States.

到目前为止，我们提及的主要是美国龙虾。这种在加拿大东海岸和美国发现的大爪子龙虾属于甲壳纲。

Its cousin, the European lobster, has smaller claws and its natural coloring is dark blue with spots and a yellow underbelly. It'd found in the waters around Western Europe and North Africa.

而它的“表亲”欧洲龙虾爪子则要小一些，虾壳的天然色带有深蓝色的小斑点，下腹部为黄色。在西欧和北非的水域里可以找到它们的身影。

Non-clawed lobsters, called rock lobsters or spiny lobsters, are found in warmer waters around the world and come in a variety of colors.

无爪龙虾又叫大螯虾或岩虾，这类龙虾可变换各种不同的颜色，在世界上更暖和些的水域里可以寻到它们的踪迹。

8.Lobsters Pee Out of Their Faces

8.龙虾从脸部排尿

You might look a little differently at the next lobster you see when you learn how they excrete their waste. Good thing we don't eat their faces, right?

在了解了龙虾是如何排泄废物之后，你再次看到龙虾时可能就会有不同的想法了。幸好的是我们并不吃它们的头部，对吧？

A lobster pees from openings (nephrophores) located at the base of its second antennae. These excretory organs are called green glands and include a sac linked to a bladder by a coiled tube. 龙虾会从它的第二对触须底部触角腺孔（类似于人类的原肾管）排尿。这些排泄器官也叫绿腺，绿腺包括通过螺旋状管与膀胱连接的体腔囊。

龙虾从脸部排尿

Lobsters also excrete from other places on their bodies, including their gills and digestive glands.

当然，龙虾也会从身体其他部位排泄废物，包括鳃和消化腺。

Excreting from the nephrophores isn't just about getting rid of toxic waste products, though -- it's part of the lobster mating ritual.

而从触须腺排尿不仅仅是除去体内的有毒废物，也是龙虾交配仪式的一部分。

Male lobsters love to fight. Female lobsters seek out the most aggressive, dominant male in the area and show their interest by peeing repeatedly into his shelter.

雄性龙虾生性好斗，雌性龙虾会在附近水域找出最好斗，最强大的雄性龙虾，然后在这个雄性龙虾的居住地不时地留下尿液求偶。

Their urine contains pheromones, which calm him down and get him in the mood, so to speak. Lobsters also urinate in each others' faces during fights to express themselves.

雌性龙虾的尿液中含有信息素，可以使雄性龙虾平静下来，也可以说是让它愉悦。此外，为了表现自己，龙虾也会在战斗过程中彼此喷尿。

Beijing's sizzling apartment-rental market cooled in August following three consecutive months of rises in both transactions and prices, the Beijing Morning Post reported last Thursday.

上周四报道，在经过连续三个月的交易量和价格上升过后，八月份北京白热化的租房市场有所降温。

Transactions related to rental apartments decreased by 6.8 percent in August over July, while the average rent was on par with that of July, at 4,762 yuan ($713 www.edu800.cn) per unit, according to the market research institute of Chinese real estate service B.A.5I5J Group.

据中国房地产服务集团我爱我家的市场调查显示，虽然八月的租金和七月不相上下，都是每套公寓均价为4762元，但是相比七月，八月份的租房交易量下降6.8%。

8月份北京房屋租赁市场降温 一居室最受欢迎

One-bedroom apartments were the most popular, accounting for 30.8 percent of all transactions last month, an increase of 0.5 percentage points over July, while the average rent for them was 4,285 yuan per unit, up 2.1 percent month-on-month.

一居室最受追捧，占上月总交易量30.8%，这一数字同比七月上涨0.5%，交易平均租金为每套4285元，每月上涨2.1%。

In contrast, apartments with two, three or more bedrooms all saw a slight drop in rent from their

July levels.

与此相反，两室、三室甚至更多房间的租金相比七月水平有了轻微下降。

In other first-tier cities including Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, one-bedroom apartments were also the most favored by tenants, showed a rental market report for the first half of 2016 released by 58.com, the leading classified service in China.

中国领先的分类服务门户58同城公布的2016年上半年租房市场报告显示，在包括上海、广州和深圳的其它一线城市，一居室也最受租客追捧。

Hu Jinghui, the vice president of B.A.&5I5J Group, said the apartment-rental market usually sees booming business in the period shortly after Chinese New Year and the summer graduation season, while in between the peak seasons the market is generally slack.

我爱我家集团副总裁胡景晖表示，春节过后不久和夏季毕业季期间，租房市场通常会欣欣向荣，然而在两个高峰季期间，市场通常会比较疲软。

"With the ease of the discrepancy between supply and demand, rental rates lack the momentum for a further rise," Hu said. "As for the Beijing market, rates may gradually fall in the fourth quarter." 胡景晖说道：“随着需求差的减少，租房率缺乏进一步上升的动力。至于北京市场的租房率，有可能在第四季度逐渐下降。”

中国印染的意义

The Meaning of Printing and Dyeing in China

中国印染的意义

Printing and dyeing here refer to traditional folk handicraft of printing patterns on or dyeing various fabrics. In actual useweaverthe termprinting and dyeing may mean the folk technology of printing or the dyeing of fibrous fabrics in the broad sense,whereas in the narrow sense means a specific painting and dyeing approach, namely, a method of printing colored patterns on cloth by applying wax on the part that is not to be colored with hard www.zycaihui.compaper printing plate. In China,folk printing and dyeing have a long history with diversified approaches and techniques. Having both practical and aesthetic value,printing and dyeing vividly reflect the simple,unaffected but profound cultural and artiste Skills.

印染在这里指的是在传统民间手工艺或各种染色织物上印刷图案。在实际使用中织工术语印染在广义上的可能意味着印刷或纤维织物的民间工艺，而在狭义指特定绘画和染色的方法，即，印刷彩色图案的方法，通过在布上未将与硬纸印版着色的部分施加蜡。在中国，民间印染在方法和技术上有着悠久的历史与多元化。印染兼具实用和审美价值，生动地反映了朴实，不受影响，但是有着深厚的文化及艺人技能。

减肥失败不能再责怪基因了

People with a gene linked to weight gain are just as likely to benefit from weight loss programmes as those without, researchers have discovered.

研究人员发现，携带有肥胖基因的人减肥后的效果与未携带该基因的个体减肥的效果基本上是一样的。

The findings suggest diet, exercise and drug-based approaches to losing weight can be widely beneficial, even if some people may have a greater risk of piling on the pounds due to their genetics. In short, your DNA is not a barrier to weight loss.

该研究表明，虽然有些人可能因为某些基因更容易变胖，但是节食、运动以及以服药为基础的减肥方法总体上来说还是很有效果的，总而言之，你的DNA完全不会影响你减肥。

While many genes are believed to affect body weight, a particular version of the so-called FTO gene shows one of the strongest associations with fat gain.

然而人们相信有好多种基因会影响体重，其中增肥效果最强的就是某种被称之为FTO基因的特殊变异。

Those carrying two copies of the genetic variant – about 16% of the population – are on average 3kg heavier than those without, and 1.7 times more likely to be obese.

携带这种基因变异的两种副本的人数约占人群的16%，他们会比无变异副本的人平均重3公斤，而且肥胖几率是普通人的1.7倍

研究显示 减肥失败不能再责怪基因了!

While it is not known exactly how the genetic variant promotes weight gain, it is believed to increase the appeal of high-calorie foods and reduce the feeling of fullness after a meal.

虽然人们并不完全清楚FTO基因突变是如何影响体重的，不过人们相信这些基因段会增加人们对高卡路里食物的偏好、减少餐后的饱腹感。

But whether it also affects efforts to shed pounds has been a matter of debate.

但是一直以来人们对它是否会影响减肥效果存有争议。

"It has become clear that genetics play a part in the reason why some of us get fatter," said John Mathers, lead author of the research from Newcastle University.

该项研究领头人、来自纽卡斯尔大学的约翰·马瑟斯说："众所周知，基因在我们变胖的过程中扮演着重要的角色。"

"The one that has the biggest effect in most people is the FTO gene, so we wondered whether having the high-risk version of the FTO gene would affect how well you could lose weight."

"而其中最有影响力的便是FTO基因，所以我们就想知道，高危FTO突变基因中对减肥会有多大的影响。"

Writing in the British Medical Journal, Mathers and an international team of collaborators describe how they analysed eight previously published randomised control trials involving a total of more than 9,500 overweight or obese adults to investigate whether carrying the obesity-linked version of the FTO gene affects the ability to lose weight.

马瑟斯在《英国医学杂志》里描述了他和一个国际合作团队，如何通过分析前人曾发表过的八项随机对照试验的结果，来调查携带肥胖FTO基因突变是否会影响人们减肥的能力。这八项实验共涵盖了9500多个超重或肥胖的成年研究对象。

In all of the studies, the participants were tested to discover whether they carried the genetic variant, and whether they had one copy or two, but the results were not disclosed to the participants.

在所有的研究中，研究者们均测试了研究对象是否携带该基因变异，以及他们是否携带有一个或两个变异基因副本，但测试结果并没有告知被测试者。

The researchers found that for each copy of the high-risk gene the participants possessed, they were, on average, almost 0.9kg heavier.

研究人员发现，平均每一个携带高危基因者比未携带者重约0.9kg。

TThe participants took part in a variety of weight-loss programmes, including diet-based, exercise-based and drug-based approaches.

被测试者参加了各种各样的减肥活动，包括以节食，运动和药物为基础的方法。

"To our surprise, we discovered that carrying the high-risk FTO gene made no difference to your

ability to lose weight."

"让我们吃惊的是，我们发现携带高危FTO突变基因并不影响人们减肥的能力。"

"So people lost weight at just the same rate if they had the high-risk version of the FTO gene as if they didn't," said Mathers.

"因此不管人们是否携带该突变基因，他们减肥的速度是一样的。"马瑟斯说。

"There was no link between the type of the intervention – so whether the people were losing weight through diet or physical activity – and the gene. It seemed to work equally well."

"实验的干扰项和基因没有任何关系，因此，不管基因是怎样的，无论是通过节食还是运动，人们减肥的效果好像都一样的。"

Sex and ethnicity, the authors said, did not affect the rate of weight loss, although they noted there was a lack of participants of Asian descent.

虽然文章作者有提及，该项研究中并没有亚洲居民参与进来，但是他们声称，人的性别与种族对减肥速度并没有什么影响。

The studies, added Mathers, did not show whether carrying the obesity-linked version of the FTO gene affects whether weight loss was sustained, as the longest follow-up time was three years. 而马瑟斯补充说，在该项研究中，实验随访时间最长的是3年，但是也并没有发现携带有肥胖相关的FTO基因对减肥效果有任何影响。

Dr Jude Oben, co-founder of the Obesity Action Campaign and senior lecturer in hepatology at University College London, welcomed the results.

英国对抗肥胖运动的发起人之一，伦敦大学学院肝脏科高级讲师裘德·奥本博士对这项研究结果表示欣慰，

"Obesity is costing the NHS 16bn pounds a year. We at Obesity Action Campaign are alarmed by this."

他说："每年由于肥胖引发的问题需要花英国国民健康保险（NHS）160亿英镑。"

"Obesity causes cancer, diabetes, heart disease and liver cirrhosis. It is the HIV of our age. It is killing millions of our patients," he said.

"在对抗肥胖运动中，我们对这个现状感到震惊。肥胖会导致癌症、糖尿病、心脏病以及肝硬化，肥胖就是我们这个时代的艾滋病毒，数以百万的人正因此丧命。"

"That this size of study and its robust statistical methodologies support common sense is great. " "这项研究通过庞大的调查规模以及详实可靠的统计数据来支撑一个常识，这一点很了不起。"

"It means that general weight loss strategies which must involve the psychological, nutritional, physical and policy changes should be developed."

"由此我们可知，我们应该制定出会给人们的心理健康、养生观念、身体健康甚至政府政策带来改变的原则性的减肥策略。"