历史上最严重的航空灾难
历史上最严重的航空灾难(1977年3月27日 Spain)
事件概况:Tenerife Disaster
时间:1977年3月27日 17:06:56 当地时间(也是 UTC时间)
地点:西班牙卡纳里群岛(Canary islands)特尼瑞夫(tenerife)机场 航班:美国泛美美航空公司(PanAm)波音747飞机,航班号PAA1736,英文呼号Clipper,机上共有396人(机组16人)。起飞机场:美国洛杉矶(Los-Angeles ),目的地机场:西班牙拉斯帕尔马斯(Las Palmas
)
荷兰航空公司(KLM)波音747飞机,航班号KLM4805,机上共有249人(机组14人)。起飞机场:荷兰(Amsterdam Schiphol Airport),目的地机场:西班牙拉斯帕尔马斯(Las Palmas )
(注:tenerife机场和Las Palmas 机场都属于西班牙卡纳里群岛,相距约70公里) 事故:两机在跑道上相撞,导致583人罹难
事件背景:
13:15 在拉斯帕尔马斯机场,MPAIAC组织(Movement for the Independence and Autonomy of the Canaries Archipelago )放置在候机楼大厅一花店的炸弹发生爆炸,导致八人受伤,一人受伤严重。该组织申称候机楼内某一地方还有炸弹。出于安全考虑,机场当局决定临时关闭机场进行彻底搜查,当时机场工作人员也以撤离。进港航班包括长航线国际航班纷纷备降。
PAA1736航班落地前接到通知,拉斯帕尔马斯机场由于有炸弹爆炸而关闭,虽然机组申请在空中等待,但是没有得到相关部门的同意,机组不得不到70公里以外的Tenerife机场备降。在其落地前约45分钟,KLM4805已经在该机场备降。当时KLM4805机组飞行时间已经快超时。
当时至少有五架大型客机备降Tenerife机场。由于机场不大,备降航班大多在滑行道上等待拉斯帕尔马斯机场重新开放。因此,当拉斯帕尔马斯机场开放后,备降Tenerife机场的航班起飞时不得不先进跑道滑行,在跑道头调头后才能滑跑起飞。
美国PAA1736航班停靠在KLM4805航班后面的位置上。
Tenerife机场跑道长3400米。
Tenerife机场天气有雾,能见度几百米。
Tenerife机场图:
事件经过:
14:30 Tenerife机场塔台通知地面航班,拉斯帕尔马斯机场重新开放。塔台管制员告诉PAA1736航班机长,如果可以在KLM4805航班后面滑过去,就可以快点起飞。PAA1736航班机长同意。
16:51 KLM4805航班开车。
16:52 PAA1736航班申请开车,管制员回答:
PanAm 1736, you are cleared to start. Report ready for taxi. For your
information, you will have to backtrack behind the other 747 and leave the runway third taxiway to your left.
按照管制员的意图,荷兰4805应该是滑道跑道头调头准备起飞,PAA1736在第三个道口脱离跑道。
16:55 KLM4805进跑道,PAA1736跟在后面距离几百米。当时雾越来越大,后机看不到前机。管制员也看不到飞机。
当时对话:
17 :01 :57 (PanAm first officer) – Tenerife ,the Clipper one seven three six.
17 :02 :01 (Tenerife control tower) – Clipper one seven three six ,Tenerife.
17 :02 :03 (PanAm first officer) – Ah. We were instructed to contact you and also to taxi down the runway, is that correct?
17 :02 :08 (Tenerife control tower) – Affirmative, taxi into the runway and -ah leave the runway third, third to your left.
17 :02 :16 (PanAm first officer) – Third to the left, OK.
17 :02 :50 (Tenerife control tower to KLM 747) – KLM four eight zero five how many taxiway -ah- did you pass ?
17 :02 :55 (KLM 4805) – I think we just passed charlie four (fourth one) now.
17 :02 :59 (Tenerife control tower) – O.K. ... at the end of the runway make one eighty and report -ah- ready -ah- for ATC clearance.
两架飞机此时仍然在跑道上准备调头,PAA1736因为雾太大,很难找到脱离的道口,已经不知道自己的位置,虽然管制员要求其在第三个道口脱离跑道。
17 :03 :48 (Tenerife control tower) – ...er seven one three six report leaving the runway.
17 :04 :59 (Tenerife control tower) – -m eight seven zero five and clipper one seven ...
three six, for your information, the centre line lighting is out of service.
此时,PAA1736机组已经错过了第三个道口,机组看见了第一个道口,没看到第二个道口,正滑向第四个道口。
同时,KLM4805机组已经完成调头,机组发现天气有所好转,认为是起飞的绝好时机。 17 :05 :45 (First officer to the control tower) – Uh, the KLM ... four eight zero five is now ready for take-off ... uh and we're waiting for our ATC clearance.
17 :05 :53 (Tenerife control tower) – KLM eight seven zero five uh you are cleared to the Papa Beacon climb to and maintain flight level nine zero right turn after take-off proceed with heading zero four zero until intercepting the three two five radial from Las Palmas VOR.
17 :06 :09 (KLM first officer) – Ah roger, sir, we're cleared to the Papa Beacon flight level nine zero, right turn out zero four zero until intercepting the three two five and we're now (at take-off ??).
KLM4805此时得到了离场许可,但获得起飞许可。机组匆忙中忘了跑道上还有一架飞机,于是加大了油门开始起飞滑跑!
17 :06 :13 (Captain) : We gaan. (We're going)
17 :06 :19 (Ténérife control tower) : OK
PAA1736机长:
17 :06 :19 (PanAm first officer) : No .. eh...
管制员认识到事态严重,提醒荷兰机组他并没有发出起飞指令:
17 :06 :20 (Tenerife control tower) : Stand by for take-off, I will call you.
17 :06 :20 (PanAm first officer) : And we're still taxiing down the runway, the clipper one seven three six.
这两句话几乎是同时发出。在后来的4秒钟,荷兰4805开始加速,在他前面1500米的地方,PAA1736还在跑道上滑行。
17 :06 :25 (Ténérife control tower to the PanAm 747) - Roger ,alpha one seven three six report when runway clear
17 :06 :29 (PanAm first officer) - OK, we'll report when we're clear
17 :06 :30 (Ténérife control tower) - Thank you
荷兰4805机组没有反应,或许,他认为PAA1736刚刚脱离跑道。
17 :06 :32 (KLM first officer) – Is hij er niet af dan? {Is he not clear then?}
17 :06 :34 (KLM captain) – Wat zeg je? {What do you say?}
17 :06 :35 (KLM first officer) – EstIs hij er niet af, die Pan American? {Is he not clear that Pan American?}
17 :06 :36 (Angry KLM captain) – Jawel. {Oh yes. - emphatic}
就在同时,PAA1736看见雾中700米远的地方的荷兰747的着陆灯光。。。
17 :06 :41 (PanAm captain) – (screaming) He’s coming… look… this son of b**** is coming
17 :06 :41 (PanAm first officer) - (screaming)
PAA1736加大油门欲脱离跑道,但是为时已晚!荷兰747也看到了PAA的747! 17 :06 :47 (KLM captain) – Oh shit
荷兰747速度此时大于270km/h,机组试图抬轮从PAA1736上面飞过,但尾部擦地产生火花,前起落架撞上PAA1736右侧,左侧机翼切到PAA1736的方向舵,最后起火爆炸。
所有机上234名乘客和14名机组人员全部丧生。泛美航空公司客机上380名乘客中321人死亡,16名机组成员有9人死亡。