第二章 名词和名词词组
(第二章 名词和名词词组(1)：名词和名词的数)
一、 难点、重点
1. The functions of noun phrases: In function, a noun phrase can play
such grammatical roles as subject, object, complement, modifier and
even adverbial. 名词词组的功能，可以作主语、宾语、补语、修饰语（a
tea table），有些的甚至可以作状语(yesterday, last week)。
2. Noun classes
名词可以以多种方法分类, 如具体名词(table, water)与抽象名词
(happiness, hatred),可数名词(table, girl)与不可数名词(water,
money),有生物名词(boy, monkey) 与无生物名词(table, water) 等. 但名词
通常按以下方式分类:
名词-----|专有名词Proper nouns
(nouns) |可数名词----------|普通名词(common nouns)
(c. nouns) |物质名词(mass nouns)
我们在可数名词和物质名词中还可以再划分具体名词和抽象名词:
名词--|专有名词
|普通名词--|可数名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)
(common n.)| |抽象名词(abstract nouns
|物质名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)
|抽象名词(abstract nouns)
3. 缩略词：加-’s ，-s ，双写或零形式复数，首字母缩略词，
加-„s 或-s ：
MP(议员) MP’s ／MPs
POW(战犯) POW’s ／POWs
VIP(要人) VIP’s ／VIPs
laser lasers
缩略词加-s ，双写或用零形式复数：
缩略词加-s
Dr ．(医生) Drs．
hr(小时) hrs．(或hr ．)
yd ．(码) yds．
Yr. (年) yrs．
双写:
ex ．(例子) exx．
gal ．(加仑) gall．
1. (行) ll．
p ．(页) pp
或用零形式复数
ft ．(英尺) ft kg ．(公斤) kg． km ．(公里) km min ．(分) min． sec ．(秒) Sec 4. 熟记教材（P65）单位名称表
二、 重要概念
1. Proper noun: Proper nouns are nouns referring to specific person,
place or thing,such as Smith, Mark (persons), Washington D.C., London
(places), NATO, United Nations (things)(专有名称是特指人, 地方或事
物的名词)
2. Mass noun: Those that can not take plural are mass nouns, such as
butter, cheese, homework music, etc. (没有复数形式的名词叫物质名
词)
3. Unit noun: It is also called "partitive", is a very special class
of words that is used to specify the quantities measures and shapes
of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc. (单
位名词亦称 “部分词”用于说明所修饰名词的量、大小和形状等)
4. Foreign plurals：They are words borrowed from some other languages
which still take their original forms of plural，Most often，they
are from-Latin，French ，Greek ：alumna--alumnae ，index--indices ，
plateau--plateaux ，analysis —analyses ，etc ．(外来词复数是指从外语
中借来尚保持原来复数形式的复数名词，多是拉丁语、法语和希腊语等)
三、典型考题
I. 选择题
1. _________ plastics are made in this chemical plant.
A. Many kind of
B. Many kinds of
C. Many kinds
D. Many kind
2. "Jack has just moved into a new house."
"Did he have to buy ________for it?"
A. many new furniture
B. much new furnitures
C. much new furniture
D. many new furnitures
3. Michael took _______ as to what he should do.
A. his friend's advise
B. his friend's advises
C. his friend advice
D. his friend's advice
Key: 1. B 2. C 3. D
简答题
1. Collective noun: These are generally countable nouns, but even in
the singular they refer to groups of people, animals or things, such
as family, class, team, government, committee, etc. (集体名词一般
是可数名词, 但就是单数, 也指人, 动物或事物的群体)
2. singular invariables: They are proper nouns like country names,
personal names and mass nouns like those denoting sciences,
subjects, diseases, and games. For example: the United States，
the United Nations，Black ，Jones ，classics ，physics ，bronchitis ，
bowls ，et 。．(单数名词指的是某些国家名称，人名和表示学科、疾病和运
动项目等形式上有以—s 结尾的名词，一般用作单数)
3. plural invariables ：They are 1)names of tools and articles of dress
consisting of two equal parts ：binoculars ，compasses ，jeans ，shorts ，
etc ．2)some collective nouns ：cattle ，people ，police ，
etc ．3)geographical names of mountain ranges ，waterfalls ，groups of
islands ：the Rockies ，the Balkans ，Niagara Falls ，etc ．4)other nouns
ending in-s ：archives ，arms ，etc ．(复数名词指由两部分构成的工具或
服饰；某些集体名词；山脉、瀑布、群岛等地理名词以及其他以-s 结尾的
名词，用作复数)
III. 其他题型
Supply the appropriate unit noun from the list below:
company collection troop herd bundle drop piece
ray swarm can school pack fleet crew
1. a ______ of ships 2. a ______ of lies
3. a ______ of firewood 4. a ______ of whales
5. a ______ of sailors 6. a _____ of bees
7. a ______ of tourists 8. a _____ of crude oil
9. a ______ of cattle 10. a _____ of music
11. a _____ of monkeys 12. a _____ of coins
13. a _____ of blood 14. a _____ of sunshine
Key:
1. fleet 2. pack 3. bundle 4. school
5. crew 6. swarm 7. company 8. can
9. herd 10. piece 11. troop 12. collection
13. drop 14. ray
II.
第二章 名词和名词词组(2)：限定词和属格)
一、 难点、重点
1. The constraints that the double genitive is subject to:
The second noun in the double genitive almost always refers to persons，
never to objects，and the first noun usually has indefinite reference (typically premodified by the indefinite article) and the second noun is always definite ．(双重属格的第二个名词指人，不指物，第一个名词不确指，通 常用不定冠词，第二个名词必须确指)
a window of the house‟s / a page of the newspaper‟s the friend of that reporter‟s /the friend of a teacher‟s
[以上表达均有错误！]
2.Group genitive集体属格
集体属格是指把’s 加在后位修饰词组或并列名词词组后面的属格，如： someone else ‟s car ，an hour and a half‟s test(一个半小时的测试) ，a week or so‟s break(一个星期左右的休息) 。
但集体属格不用于含有后位修饰分句(限定分句和非限定分句) 的名词词组中：
* the lady living next door‟s hat
* the children killed in the war‟s pictures
3. Genitive :
Generally, of-phrase is not used with first names, but would be acceptable with full names:
* The bike of Tom
The car of George Bush
4. Determiners
The pre-determiners or central determiners are mutually exclusive:
* all half the employees (two pre-determiners)
* all the his employees (two central determiners)
5. The difference between ‘all ’ and ‘whole ’ when they modify a proper name:
All Beijing was excited at the news of winning the bid.
The whole of Beijing was excited at the news.
* Whole Beijing was excited at the news.
* The whole Beijing was excited at the news.
* The all Beijing was excited at the news.
二、重要概念
1. Determiners(什么是限定词)?
Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase
and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the headword ．(限定词是指用于各词词组的前位修饰语的词，限定词放在修饰中心词的
形容词前面)
2.Genitives
Forms or construction used to denote possession, measurement or source.
Example: John‟s car; a moment‟s digression; the resistance of Iraq
三、 典型考题
I. 选择题
1. Jack is ____________________.
a. a friend of a doctor‟s b. the friend of a doctor‟s
c. the friend of the doctor‟s d. a friend of the doctor‟s
2. This is ________________________.
a. the passport of John b. the passport of John‟s
c. the passport of John Smith d. the John passport
Key: 1. d 3. c
II. 简答题
1. What are generic reference and specific reference(什么是类指和特指)?
Generic reference and specific reference are the two uses of articles ．Genetic reference indicates the whole species or kind，while specific reference，specific one or thing.[类指和特指是冠词的两个用法。类指指事物(或人) 的整个种类，而物特指则是某一具体的事物(或人)]
2. Under what general circumstances do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice versa?(在什么情况下用属格不用of-词组，什么情况下用of-词组，不用属格?)
When nouns refer to people，and the relation between the nouns is one of definition，classification ，etc ，genitives are preferred，when nouns refer to inanimate，lifeless objects，and the head words of noun phrases are classifying adjectives, of—phrases are preferred．(当名词指人，或名 词之间属于定义或归类关系时，用属格；而当名词指无生物，或中心词是the+形
容词时，用of-词组)
examples:
men‟s clothes / the teacher‟s book
the color of the car / the struggle of the exploited