全球化的利与弊之弊(中英结合)

定义definition ：

全球化一词，是一种概念，也是一种人类社会发展的现象过程。全球化目前有诸多定义，通常意义上的全球化是指全球联系不断增强，人类生活在全球规模的基础上发展及全球意识的崛起。国与国之间在政治、经济贸易上互相依存。全球化亦可以解释为世界的压缩和视全球为一个整体。二十世纪九十年代后，随着全球化势力对人类社会影响层面的扩张，已逐渐引起各国政治、教育、社会及文化等学科领域的重视，纷纷引起研究热潮。对于" 全球化" 的观感是好是坏，目前仍是见仁见智。

Globalization is a word, it is a kind of concept, is also a kind of phenomenon of human social development process. Globalization there are many definitions, usually in the sense of globalization refers to the global connections, human life in the global scale on the basis of the development and the rise of global awareness. Between countries in political, economic and trade interdependence. Globalization also can be interpreted as the compression of the world and see the world as a whole. After the 1990 s, with the expansion of globalization forces affect the level of human society, has gradually drawn disciplines, such as politics, education, society and culture, have caused the boom. For's perception of "globalization" is good or bad, still the lights.

文化多样性的减少

一、全球化会抹平社会间的多样性，但会增加社会内部的多样性。因为人们可供选择的菜单增加了。想想哪个更重要。

二、多样性是一个悖论。全球化确实会使某些局部上的多样性减少。太多的知识会限制我们的创造力。某种程度的隔绝可以将自信和某种魔术感注入到艺术中。这种局部多样性的减少又意味着人们可供选择的菜单的减少。

三、这是一个“度”的问题。 First, globalization will smooth out the diversity among the community, but will increase the diversity within society. Because people increased choice of menu. Think about which is more important. Second, diversity is a paradox. Globalization does make some partial reduction of diversity. Too much knowledge will limit our creativity. Some degree of isolation can inject a sense of confidence and a certain magic to the art. This diversity of local people to reduce the mean reduction in choice of menu.

Third, this is a "degree" of the problem. 传统节日渐渐被西方节日占领，传统习俗的遗忘，传统古建筑在经济的发展下不断被拆除摧毁。

The traditional festival has gradually been occupied by Western festivals, traditions and customs be forgotten, the traditional ancient

buildings

continue

to

be

demolished to destroy in the development of the economy.

当今世界的人们面对着繁杂的社会。艺术与文化甚至也被人用来实现扩张。以美国的好莱坞为例，好莱坞每年生产约700部影片，好莱坞电影的观众遍布世界各地。事实上，好莱坞电影如今已经成了美国实现侵略扩张目的的工具。

People in the world today are facing complicated society. Art and culture even be used to achieve the expansion. Hollywood, United States, for example, Hollywood annually produces about 700 films the Hollywood audience all over the world. In fact, the Hollywood movie has now become a tool of the United States to achieve the purposes of aggression and expansion.

文化既是民族的，又是世界的 各民族都有自己文化的个性和特征。 各民族文化都是世界文化中不可缺少

Culture is national, but also the world's All ethnic groups have their own culture and personality characteristics. The national culture is indispensable to world culture

全球化导致贫富差距的扩大

占全球1／5的人口生活在收入水平最高的国家，他们拥有全球国内生产总值的86％，全球出口市场82％，外国直接投资的68％，全球电话总数的74％；而占全球人口总数1／5的贫困人口在上述几项上的占有率仅约1％。在平均收入方面，贫富国家之间相差74倍， 而在1960年，这种差距还仅为30倍。此外，200 名最富有者的资产超过占世界总人口41％的人的收入总和。

在过去4年里，这200名富翁的财产增加了两倍，达一万亿美元以上，相反，每日收入少于一美元的穷人仍维持在13亿左右。 Accounted for over 1/5 of the population lives in countries with the highest income levels, they have 86% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), 82% of the global export market, 68% of the foreign direct investment, 74% of the total number of telephone; while the share of the world's populationonly about 1% of the share of 1/5 of the total number of poor in the above-mentioned items now. The

difference between rich and poor countries in terms of average income, 74 times, in 1960, this gap is only 30 times. In addition, the 200 richest assets accounted for 41% of the world's total population, more than the total income.

200 millionaire property increased twice in the past four years, more than one trillion U.S. dollars, to the contrary, the daily income of less than $ poor remained at around 1.3 billion.

全球化无疑促进了世界经济的整体成长，但全球经济利益的分配却是不成比例的。一小撮国家及跨国公司垄断游戏规则并掌控着世

界市场。跨国公司是经济全球化的重要动力，全球100个最大经济体中，竟然有51个是跨国公司。（2000年数据）而绝大多数跨国公司来源于发达国家。可见，由国民财富体现的国家权力差距依然是巨大的。在经济总量上，没有几个国家有望挑战中等甚至较小的工业化国家。第三世界即使保持高速发展势头，可绝对差距如此之大，在可预见的将来也不大可能会消除。

Globalization undoubtedly contributed to the overall growth of the world economy, the global distribution of economic interests is disproportionate. A handful of national and multinational monopolies rules of the game and control the world market. Multinational corporations are an important driving force of economic globalization, the world's 100 largest economies, and yet there are 51 multinational companies. (2000 data) and the vast majority of multinational companies from developed countries. Seen by the state power embodied in national wealth gap is still huge. In economic output, few countries are expected to challenge the middle or even smaller industrialized countries. Even the third world to maintain the momentum of rapid development, the absolute gap can be so large that in the foreseeable future is unlikely to be eliminated.

目前，有关人士都宣扬经济全球化对发达国家“危害论”。然而，对世界经济和国际体系影响更大的却是全球化扩大了国家间的不平等。第一，过去积累下来的国家间不平等现象非但没有因全球化而消除或减缓，反而日益扩大。

At present, the persons concerned are to promote economic globalization on developed countries' damage theory. "However, the world economy and the greater impact of the international system is globalization has increased inequality between countries. First, the past accumulated inequalities between

countries not only failed to eliminate or mitigate a result of globalization, but growing.

全球化导致发达国家对发展中国家的资源掠夺

高收入国家人口只占全球人口的15%左右, 其本土生物承载力是全球28%,但却消耗了全球55%的生物承载力。 这是如何实现的呢？

可是, 政治独立了, 经济上的独立依然还是遥遥无期。在全球化国际分工下，第三世界国家依然处在全球产业链的最底端, 为发达国家的过度消费提供着廉价的资源和劳动力。 Population of high-income countries account for only about 15% of the world's population, their home is the world's biological capacity by 28% but 55% of global consumption of biocapacity. This is how to achieve it?

However, political independence, economic independence they are still nowhere in sight. International division of labor under globalization, third world countries are still at the bottom of the global industrial chain, excessive consumption in developed countries to provide the resources and cheap labor. 一位来自菲律宾的原住民领袖曾一针见血地指出, ”所谓经济全球化, 不过是殖民主义的最新表现形式。”过去的殖民是直接的掠夺, 殖民者不得不直接面对被殖民者的不满和反抗; 现在的经济全球化是联手的骗局, 老主子和第三世界国家精英阶层合谋, 第三世界国家继续廉价输出农产品、原材料和劳动力(以来料加工等方式), 而换取的, 往往是和大多数人利益无关甚至负相关的奢侈品和武器之类” An indigenous leader from the Philippines has sharply pointed out that "the so-called economic globalization, but the latest manifestation of colonialism." Colonial past is a direct plunder, colonists had to directly face the dissatisfaction of the colonists and resistance; the current economic globalization is the scam together, the old

masters and the elite conspiracy third World countries, third World countries continue to produce low-cost output, raw materials and labor (in processing, etc.), and in exchange, often and interests of the majority of unrelated or even negatively related to luxury goods and weapons and the like. "

全球化导致工业垃圾及环境破坏

经济全球化之后受到伤害的依然是发展中国家

全球化导致价值观的冲突

全球化中的价值冲突，主要表现为不同民族和国家的价值观之间、特别是西方价值观与非西方价值观之间的冲突。 Globalization the values conflict, main performance for different nationalities and countries, especially between the values of western values and non-western values of the conflict between.

而对于非西方落后国家而言，西方价值观与本民族价值观之间的冲突又往往是和传统价值观与现代价值观即现代化过程中形成和发展起来的价值观之间的冲突纠缠在一起的，并经常以后者为中介。

And for non-western behind countries, western values and the conflict between the national values and is often and traditional values and the modem values is the process of modernization, the formation and development of the conflict between the values and intertwined, and often with the latter for intermediary.

与之相应，全球化中非西方落后国家面临的本民族价值观与西方价值观的冲突，往往也就直接表现为传统价值观与现代价值观之间的冲突。

J correspondingly, globalization china-africa western countries face behind the national values and the western the conflicts of

values, often also direct the performance for the traditional values and the modem values of the conflict between.

面对上述当代全球化中复杂的文化价值观冲突，文化进化论主张在理解不同文化及其价值观念时将地理范畴（本土与外域）转换为历史范畴（传统与现代），而文化相对主义则要求人们将历史范畴（传统与现代）转换为地理范畴（本土与外域）。

In the face of all these contemporary globalization in complex culture values conflict, cultural evolution in different cultural and understand that values will geographic category (native and outland) into historical category (the traditional and modern), and cultural relativism then requires the people will historical category (the traditional and modern) into

geographic category (native and outlands).

虽然文化进化论和文化相对主义各有其弊端，其中，前者带有明显的西方中心论色彩，后者则具有文化保守主义性质，但二者都看到了当代全球化中不同民族价值观之间的冲突、特别是西方价值观与非西方价值观之间的冲突是与传统价值观与现代价值观的冲突紧紧缠绕在一起的事实，并都力图对一事实作出自己的理解和说明。

Although cultural evolution and cultural relativism each has its drawbacks, of which, the former have obviously the theory of color,

the

latter

has

the

cultural

conservatism properties, but both see the modern globalization in different national values, especially the conflict between western values and non-western values is the conflict between the traditional values and the modem values and the conflict is profoundly intertwined with the facts, and to make a fact to own understanding and explanation.

增加是随着经济全球化的正常运作过程而产生的，它同时又是全球化发展不均衡的结果。

With the globalization of economy increase is the normal operation of the process and of generation, it is also the result of the unbalanced development of globalization.

全球化带来的收益与支付的成本在不同的国家之间和一国之内不同人群之间的分配也是不均衡的。

The benefits of globalization and the cost of pay in different countries and different groups within one country between the distribution is not balanced between.

也就是说发达国家和发展中国家在全球化发展中参与游戏的角色是不同的，所获得的利益是不

That is the developed countries and developing countries in global development in the game role is different, benefit from is not

均衡的，这样的倾斜导致了发展中国家大量的非法移民流入发达国家

A balanced, so the tilt of the developing countries in a large number of illegal immigrants into the developed countries

政治：第一，对国家主权观念产生冲击。国家主权是国家基本权利的基础。是不依附于、不从属于国内外任何其它权力的国家权利。在经济全球化对经济领域和其它社会生活诸领域产生影响的情况下，也改变着传统的主权观念。主权不仅意味着本国的独立自主权力，还意味着对他国主权的尊重以及对国际合作所承担的权利和义务。它说明了国家主权的相对性。那种不受任何法律的约束，不服从任何条件或限制的绝对主权是不存在的。随着各国对人类相互依存关系以及面临

共同威胁认知程度的提高，越来越多的国家开始从全球的思维高度来重新认识维护国家主权与保证国际协调合作机制正常运转的关系问题。各国要让渡一部分主权，建立有效的国际使用机制，以维护国家的独立性和根本利益。

First, the idea of national sovereignty impact.National sovereignty is the foundation of the national basic rights.Is not attached to, do not belong to any other power at home and abroad of national rights.In the field of economic globalization on the economy and other social life under the condition of the field effect, also changed the traditional concept of sovereignty.Sovereignty means not only the country's independent power, also means that the respect for the sovereignty and the international cooperation of rights and obligations.It illustrates the relativity of state sovereignty.That is not subject to any laws, not subject to any conditions or restrictions there is no such thing as absolute sovereignty.As countries interdependence of human and the cognitive degree of common threats to improve, more and more countries began from a global thinking to rediscover the safeguarding state sovereignty and guarantee normal operation of international coordination mechanism, relationship problems.Countries want to assign a part of the sovereign, to establish effective international use mechanism, in order to maintain the independence of the nation and the fundamental interests.

第二，国家权力的分散与弱化。由于经济全球化导致世界各国相互依存关系的加深，这种日益增强的相互依存在国与国之间、国家与国际组织之间形成纵横交错的关联和制约关系。因此，不管主观意愿如何，各国己不能象经典的诠释那样绝对地、至高无上地享有自己在内政、外交和军事事务上的主权。也就是说国家在处理国内外事务时越来越多

地受到来自外部的掣肘。这就必将导致权力的分散。这种掣肘包括政府间的国际组织对世界和地区事务越来越广泛的影响和介入。如联合国派驻在一些国家的机构所掌握的权力早己凌架于当地政府和各派别力量之上。跨国公司凭借其雄厚的科技和经济实力影响乃至左右东道国政府的决策。其它一些国际间的非政府组织，如宗教团体、政党联盟、工会组织等在适宜的条件下，也会对某些主权国家施加影响。

Second, the state power decentralization and weakening.Countries all over the world due to economic globalization deepening interdependence, the growing

interdependence between countries and between countries and international organizations formed crisscrossed connection and restriction.Regardless of subjective intention, therefore, countries have not like classic interpretation, absolutely sovereign to enjoy yourself in the internal affairs of other countries, the sovereignty of the diplomatic and military affairs.That is to say, countries in handling affairs at home and abroad more and more from the external constraint.This will lead to power off.The examing include inter-governmental international

organizations and regional affairs more and more extensive impact on the world and intervention.To work in some countries such as the United Nations of the

organization have power flow long been out of the local government and

factions.Multinational company with its strong technological and economic strength and around the host country government decisions.Other international

non-governmental organizations, such as religious groups, coalition, trade union organizations under the condition of appropriate, will also influence some sovereign countries.

第三，国家处理国际事务更多地采取合作与

协调的方式。由于经济全球化导致国际政治关系相互依存的趋势加强，这使得妥协、合作、共存成为国际关系的大趋势。因为世界经济和政治发展的规则不再表现为传统的“零扣”，而是由“双赢”取而代之。一国的安全不再以他国的不安全为前提，一国的富强也不需要建立在他国赢弱的基础之上。因此，在经济全球化的环境中，不仅要加强合作，建立行之有效的国际合作机制，而且应该懂得国际经济中的有效合作是建立在合理妥协的基础上的，因为必要的妥协和让步是最有效的国际合作的前提。所以国际政治中的合作与妥协正在慢慢替代冲突与争斗而成为处理当前国际关系的主要手段。 第四，经济全球化对世界政治格局产生影响。世界政治格局是主权国家和国家集团在一定时期所形成的结构状态。这种结构状态反映出国家和国家在政治上的相互关系，维持着世界政治体系的稳定。国际政治格局一般包括一极格局、两极格局、多极格局。 Third, countries in dealing with

international affairs more to take the way of cooperation and coordination.International political relations due to economic globalization trend to strengthen the interdependence, this makes compromise, cooperation, coexistence of the major trends in international relations.Because of the development of the world economic and political rules no longer show the traditional button "zero", but by the "win-win" instead.A country's security is no longer on the premise of other countries of unsafe, a country rich and strong (powerful) also do not need to establish on the basis of other countries to win the weak.In the environment of economic globalization, therefore, not only to strengthen cooperation and establish effective international cooperation mechanism, and should understand effectively in

international economic cooperation is built on the basis of a reasonable compromise, because the necessary compromises and

concessions is the precondition of the most effective international cooperation.So in international political cooperation and compromise are slowly instead of conflict and struggle to become a major means of dealing with the current international relations. Fourth, the economic globalization impact on world political pattern.Politics is a sovereign country in the world and national group structure which is formed by the state in certain period.This state structure reflects a country and country in political relationship, to maintain the stability of the world political system.International political pattern generally includes a pattern, the bipolar structure, multipolar pattern.